Flight Safety Information June 15, 2016 - No. 117 In This Issue GPWS Pioneer Bateman To Retire Egypt Confirms MS804 Radar Data; Black Box Search Continues South Pole medical evacuation flight launched Fiji Airways aircraft makes emergency return to Auckland Cape Air interviewing pilots in Pittsburgh The Biggest Problem With Flying Cars Is the Pilots North Korea Nabs US Fighter Jet Blueprints in Hack Iranian reports hint at huge Boeing jet deal Qantas May Be Target for Chinese Airlines, Credit Suisse Says Skunk Works Refines Quiet Supersonic Design 2016 FAA Asia-Pacific Flight Standards Meeting July 19-21 PhD Research Survey (I) PhD Research Survey (II) GPWS Pioneer Bateman To Retire Don Bateman, who is credited with developing one of the most important safety technologies in aircraft today, is retiring after a more than 57-year career with Honeywell and its predecessor companies. A corporate fellow and chief engineer-technologist for flight safety systems and technology at Honeywell Aerospace's facility in Redmond, Wash., Bateman was the developer of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) and later the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS), both of which have helped reduce the controlled flight into terrain accident rate from one in every three million flights to less than one in every 20 million flights. Revered by his colleagues as a "living legend for aircraft safety," Bateman "is credited by many in the industry for saving more lives than any other individual in the history of aviation," Honeywell noted in a recent blog. The Canadian-born engineer graduated from the University of Saskatchewan before joining a division of Sundstrand in 1958 that ultimately become a Honeywell company. Over the next half century, Bateman developed nearly 50 U.S. patents and close to another 250 international patents. His work has extended to innovations in head-up display systems, speed control/autothrottle systems, stall warning systems, angle-of-attack systems, automatic flight control systems and weight-and-balance systems, among numerous others. He oversaw the creation of Honeywell's SmartRunway and SmartLanding functions. GPWS and EGPWS are installed in more than 55,000 aircraft. Honeywell honored Bateman in 2003 with its Engineering Lifetime Achievement Award, one of numerous accolades for his work. In 2011 President Barack Obama presented him with the U.S. Presidential Medal of Technology and Innovation. He is also in the National Inventors Hall of Fame, is an Aviation Path Finder in the Museum of Flight and is a Royal Aeronautical Society Fellow (FRAeS). In the recent blog, Bob Witwer, Honeywell v-p of advanced technology, said of his employee: "Don Bateman has dedicated his professional life to improving aircraft safety. He has spent half a century conceiving, designing and fielding new functions to reduce the risk of accidents and improve situational awareness for pilots." http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2016-05-10/gpws-pioneer-bateman-retire Back to Top Egypt Confirms MS804 Radar Data; Black Box Search Continues The Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee of Egypt said it has received radar images from EgyptAir Flight MS 804 that match previously-reported British and Greek data. These data showed that the AirbusA320 "swerved to the left then turned right for a full circle" before disappearing from radar May 19 and crashing into the Mediterranean Sea about 180 mi. north of Cairo. "However, the investigation cannot count merely on such information," the committee noted in a June 13 update. Investigators are now racing the clock to locate the flight-data and cockpit-voice recorders from the aircraft, both of which have underwater locator beacons with 30-day batteries. "Manufacturers of the flight-data recorders stated that signals will continue to come out of the so-called 'black boxes' until June 24," the committee said. Several weeks ago, the French Navy hydrographic survey ship LaPlace received 37.5 kHz "pinger" transmissions from the seabed, presumably from the MS 804 flight recorders. This helped to narrow the search area. The ship remains in the area, along with the deepwater retrieval vessel John Lethbridge, to pick up the recorders when found. Egypt has also approved a request by the National Transportation Safety Board to join the investigation team. www.aviationsafety.com Back to Top South Pole medical evacuation flight launched In this 2003 photo, a Twin Otter flies out of the South Pole on a previous medical flight. Credit: Jason Medley, NSF Officials with the National Science Foundation (NSF) have launched a medical evacuation flight to NSF's scientific station at the geographic South Pole. After comprehensive consultation with outside medical professionals, agency officials decided that a medical situation at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station warrants returning a member of the station's winter crew to a hospital that can provide a level of medical care that is unavailable at the station. The patient is seasonally employed through the Lockheed Martin Antarctic Support Contract (ASC), the prime contract for operations and research support contractor to NSF for the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). NSF is not releasing any further personal or medical information to preserve the patient's privacy. Two propeller-driven Twin Otter aircraft, operated by Kenn Borek Air, Ltd., a Canadian firm that provides contractual logistical support to the Antarctic Program, left Calgary this morning on the first leg of an intercontinental flight to the Pole. The mission will be highly weather-dependent and the current best-case scenario is that a plane would arrive at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station no sooner than June 19. Drawing on the support of other national Antarctic programs, NSF has approved a plan under which the aircraft will fly from Canada via South America to Rothera, a research station on the Antarctic Peninsula managed by the British Antarctic Survey. One of the aircraft will remain at Rothera to provide search-and-rescue capability, while the other aircraft will fly the roughly 1,500 miles from Rothera to the Pole to pick up the patient. It currently is mid-winter in Antarctica. Normally, flights in and out of Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station are not planned between February and October due to the extreme cold and darkness. Kenn Borek, however, has the experience of flying two similar medical evacuation flights-one in 2001 and another in 2003. The Twin Otter aircraft that Kenn Borek flies are able to operate in extremely low temperatures and are able to land on skis. As there is no tarmac runway at the South Pole, the aircraft must land in total darkness on compacted snow. Because of the complexity of the operation, the evacuation will require contributions from multiple entities involved in the U.S. Antarctic Program including weather forecasts from the U.S. Navy's Space and Naval Warfare Systems (SPAWAR) Center Atlantic; expertise from the University of Texas Medical Branch; and various contributions from ASC, NSF's Colorado-based Antarctic logistics contractor as well as assistance from other nations. Amundsen-Scott is one of three year-round stations NSF operates in Antarctica in its role as manager the U.S. Antarctic Program, the nation's research program on the southernmost continent. There are 48 people wintering at Amundsen-Scott, performing a variety of tasks related to station maintenance and science. These include overseeing long-term monitoring of the atmosphere and its constituent gases-such as methane and carbon dioxide-and scientific observations by two radio telescopes; the 10-meter South Pole Telescope and the BiCEP2 telescope, which are using the Cosmic Microwave Background to investigate the early history of the universe, including investigations of dark energy and dark matter that makes up most of the cosmos. Also included is the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory, which is designed to observe subatomic particles, produced by some of the most violent and exotic cosmic phenomena, including black holes. http://phys.org/news/2016-06-south-pole-medical-evacuation-flight.html Back to Top Fiji Airways aircraft makes emergency return to Auckland PASSENGERS bound for Nadi from Auckland on Fiji Airways flight FJ410, had to endure an emergency return flight back to Auckland after the B737 aircraft developed landing gear problems. Fiji Airways General Manager Corporate Communications, Shane Hussein, said in a statement a while ago, that the aircraft had an issue retracting its landing gear after take-off from Auckland. Hussein said the flight crew then turned the aircraft around and returned to Auckland where the problem was fixed and the flight resumed normal departure. "The aircraft was in a holding pattern before it could land. "It landed safely at around 4pm. The issue was rectified and the aircraft departed Auckland for Nadi at 4.51pm," Hussein said. http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=358223 Back to Top Cape Air interviewing pilots in Pittsburgh Regional airline Cape Air is interviewing for pilots in Pittsburgh. The airline is working with the Allegheny County Airport Authority to find potential pilot candidates. Cape Air, a Massachusetts-based airline, serves New England, Missouri, Montana, the British Virgin Island and the Bahamas, among other destinations, primarily with twin-engine Cessna 402s. A Cape Air Cessna 402 in flight. The airline is in Pittsburgh on Tuesday to recruit pilots. The recruitment session is from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Hyatt Regency at Pittsburgh International Airport. Allegheny County Airport Authority said that applicants should RSVP to recruitment@capeair.com. Here are a list of requirements. "We're happy to work with Cape Air as they recruit pilots from our region," said Allegheny County Airport Authority CEO Christina Cassotis in a statement. "The industry is facing a nationwide pilot shortage, and we've already seen some impact of that as airlines are forced to cut back due to staffing shortages. We hope events like this will provide opportunities for our local pilots, as well as serve the needs of the aviation industry." Cape Air is not the only airline to find a competitive market for pilots. On Monday, Piedmont Airlines, a regional airline owned by American Airlines (Nasdaq: AAL), announced a $15,000 signing bonus and $5,000 to existing Piedmont employees who successfully refer pilot candidates. "We're hoping that the $15,000 signing bonus will encourage more pilots to look at Piedmont as a career choice," said Lyle Hogg, Piedmont Airlines president and CEO, in a statement Monday. "Piedmont offers a very quick upgrade from first officer to captain and a guaranteed job at American Airlines in a few years, so it's a great career option. The $15,000 will help experienced pilots transition to Piedmont, and help new pilots pay off some student loans." http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/06/14/cape-air-interviewing-pilots-in-pittsburgh.html Back to Top The Biggest Problem With Flying Cars Is the Pilots Nathan Myhrvold speaks about the ideas of the future at the Bloomberg Technology Conference The key to making effective flying cars is eliminating the need for a human pilot, according to Nathan Myhrvold, the co-founder and chief executive of Intellectual Ventures. "The problem with flying cars is that we're not all good enough to fly them," he said at a session at Bloomberg's 2016 Technology Conference in San Francisco. "The leading cause of plane crashes is pilot error." Nathan Myhrvold. Photographer: Neilson Barnard/Getty Images for the New York Times Flying cars have been a long-time fantasy of the nerd set. The topic has gathered steam in the last week, since Ashlee Vance and Brad Stone reported in Bloomberg Businessweek that Google co-founder Larry Page has been secretly investing in flying car startups. The vehicles these companies are making are based on the idea that they will be able to fly themselves. Making a self-flying car is easier than making a self-driving car, according to Myhrvold. "Even a little quad- copter does great," he said. Earlier this year, DJI, one of the leading manufacturers of drones for hobbyists, introduced a quadcopter that uses two optical sensors and an on-board computer to avoid obstacles while flying at speeds up to 22 miles per hour. While many planes also have some auto-pilot modes, Myhrvold said that the conservatism of the airline industry and the Federal Aviation Administration has held the technology back. Myhrvold, who was previously chief technology officer at Microsoft and held other positions at the company for more than a decade, also spoke about the process of invention practices at Intellectual Ventures. During brainstorming sessions he, Bill Gates, and others get together to try and come up with inventions on broad topics like "Climate" or "Energy." As the days wear on, the ideas get increasingly loopy, he said. But that's the point. No one at the sessions has a fully realized idea, instead they each come with a piece of the overall puzzle, and the main objective is to think about things in new ways. Myhrvold predicts that the breakthroughs in the next five years that will have the most profound long-term impacts will come in the field of synthetic biology, a discipline that combines biology, computer programming, and genetic engineering. The real-world impacts of these discoveries are unlikely to come until farther in the future, he added. After making his fortune at Microsoft, Myhrvold has become something of a notorious figure in tech circles. He founded Intellectual Ventures in 2000 with the idea of amassing patents and asking companies using the technologies to pay to license them. Those that refused would be taken to court. This turned Myhrvold into a symbol of one of Silicon Valley's most hated archetypes: the patent troll. Even those who aren't inclined to compare Intellectual Ventures to the mafia or a parasite have begun to question whether its original business model even works. It has become decidedly more difficult to make money suing people for violating patents, largely due to policy changes pushed by the kinds of companies Intellectual Ventures was asking for money from. The company has laid off a significant portion of its workforce in recent years and increasingly emphasized bringing its own inventions to market. Myhrvold has also pursued a range of eclectic personal projects. He recently challenged NASA's methods for tracking asteroids, setting off a minor controversy. In the last few years he has published both a scientific paper arguing that that leading paleontologists made serious errors in their research about how dinosaurs grow, and a five-volume, 2,400 page cookbook on the "art and science of cooking." The sequel, which will focus on making bread, is due out in March. "I do a crazy set of stuff," he said. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-14/the-biggest-problem-with-flying-cars-is-the-pilots Back to Top North Korea Nabs US Fighter Jet Blueprints in Hack Blueprints for the wings of F-15 fighter jets were reportedly stolen from Korea Air Lines. North Korean hackers have reportedly obtained blueprints to a US fighter jet. In 2014, the country surreptitiously planted malware on more than 140,000 computers across 160 South Korean firms and agencies as part of a long-tail operation, Reuters reports. The scheme was only discovered in February, when the North stole documents from two South Korean conglomerates. Among them were blueprints for the wings of F-15 fighter jets, which The Hill says were stolen from Korea Air Lines. In total, North Korea nabbed more than 42,000 documents, including more than 40,000 related to defense. According to Reuters, the stolen documents were not classified. The Hill notes that the IP address associated with these most recent attacks matches one from 2013, when South Korean bank and broadcast computer systems were hacked, allegedly by North Korea. North Korea has denied any wrongdoing. In 2014, the FBI said North Korea was responsible for a hack of Sony Pictures that took the company's systems offline and prompted the studio to delay the launch of a film critical of North Korea. The US later hit North Korea with sanctions over the attack. http://www.pcmag.com/news/345262/north-korea-nabs-us-fighter-jet-blueprints-in-hack Back to Top Iranian reports hint at huge Boeing jet deal A 787 jet takes shape at Boeing's plant in Everett, Wash. (GeekWire photo by Alan Boyle) Reports from Tehran suggest that Iran's flag carrier airline has struck a deal to purchase jetliners from the Boeing Co., which would mark a milestone in U.S. commercial relations with the Islamic Republic. "In coming days, details of the deal with this company will be announced," the semi-official Mehr news agency quoted Abbas Akhoundi, Iran's minister of roads and urban development, as saying today. The Reuters news agency quoted unnamed sources as saying the deal calls for Iran Air to acquire more than 100 Boeing jets, from the company directly and from leasing companies. Iran Air operates under the umbrella of Akhoundi's ministry. Such an arrangement would match Iran Air's provisional agreement to purchase 118 Airbus jets worth as much as $27 billion. Reuters said that the Airbus agreement, announced in January, still requires export licenses from the United States due to the use of significant U.S. technology. Sales of U.S. jetliners to Iran have been banned since the revolution and hostage crisis of 1979. The country's fleet of commercial airliners has become seriously outdated since then due to trade sanctions. By some accounts, Iran Air needs to acquire hundreds of jets to proceed with its modernization plans. Relations between Washington and Tehran have been warming in the wake of last year's international agreement to ease sanctions on Iran if it curbed its nuclear program. Nevertheless, any deal with Boeing will face significant hurdles. Financing the purchase will be tricky. There's also a chance that political objections will cause complications - particularly amid the heat of this year's U.S. presidential campaign. Boeing acknowledged that it has conducted talks with Iran Air about potential airplane purchases, with the approval of the U.S. government. But the company declined to go into specifics. "We do not discuss details of ongoing conversations we are having with customers, and our standard practice is to let customers announce any agreements that are reached," Boeing spokesman Paul Bergman said in a statement emailed to GeekWire. "Any agreements reached will be contingent on U.S. government approval." http://www.geekwire.com/2016/iranian-reports-hint-big-boeing-jet-purchase/ Back to Top Qantas May Be Target for Chinese Airlines, Credit Suisse Says At least 5% stake available for overseas investors, bank says China Eastern and China Southern may be potential suitors Qantas Airways Ltd. could be China's next investment target after conglomerates from the country bought stakes in the Australian carrier's closest domestic rival, Credit Suisse Group AG said. Separate investments in Virgin Australia Holdings Ltd. by HNA Group and Nanshan Group in the past two weeks have put around one third of the airline in Chinese hands. HNA owns Hainan Airlines Co. and Nanshan controls Qingdao Airlines. In an alliance with HNA, Virgin Australia plans to start direct flights to and from China next year. Those acquisitions could prompt a top-tier Chinese airline to pursue a stake in Qantas to gain a stronger hold on routes between Australia and China, Credit Suisse analysts led by Paul Butler said in a June 13 note. At least 5 percent of Qantas is available for an overseas investor before the airline's foreign ownership breaches the 49 percent cap set by Australian law, said Credit Suisse, which rates Qantas's stock outperform. China Eastern Airlines Corp. and China Southern Airlines Co. are potentially the most interested suitors, Butler wrote. Qantas, a member of the One World group, has an alliance with China Eastern on China- Australia routes and struck a code-share agreement with China Southern in 2013. The Qantas share price offers a "compelling strategic and value opportunity," Butler wrote. The stock has tumbled 28 percent in the past two months, and was down 3.3 percent to A$2.90 at 11:37 a.m. in Sydney. That gives the Sydney-based carrier a market value of A$6 billion ($4.4 billion). A spokesman for Qantas in Sydney declined to comment on the report. China Eastern and China Southern didn't immediately respond to separate e-mails seeking comment. China Eastern could protect its venture with Qantas with an equity stake, while China Southern could threaten that partnership by investing in the Australian carrier and gaining a seat on the board, Butler wrote. HNA on May 31 agreed to buy 13 percent of Brisbane-based Virgin Australia in newly issued stock and plans to raise that stake to about 20 percent over time. Nanshan on June 10 agreed to buy about 20 percent of Virgin Australia from Air New Zealand Ltd. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-14/qantas-may-be-target-for-chinese-airlines-credit- suisse-says Back to Top Skunk Works Refines Quiet Supersonic Design Guy Norris Edwards, AFB, California Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works is beginning a fast-paced year of preliminary design work on a low-boom demonstrator for NASA that the agency is increasingly optimistic will pave the way for environmentally acceptable supersonic business jets and airliners. The single-engine Quiet Supersonic Technology (QueSST) aircraft is designed to test whether the shockwave signature of potential future Mach 1-plus vehicles would be acceptable to the public, clearing the way for supersonic flight over land. While the goal is targeted at validating tools and design approaches for potential 100-120-seat supersonic airliners, the principles of the demonstrator will also be directly applicable to the near-term development of business jets. "We believe the technology is ready," says NASA Commercial Supersonic Technologies (CST) subproject manager Dave Richwine. "We feel [as if] we have got the sonic boom now to the stage where it is not going to be bothersome to the general public." Successfully mastering the amplitude and distribution of shockwaves that cause sonic booms presents "an opportunity for the U.S. to take the lead in a new class of aircraft manufacturing," he adds. NASA believes the QueSST research project opens the window to a potential market of 350-500 supersonic business aircraft and more than 500 airliners from the mid-2020s onward. Richwine was speaking at a NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center event at which the contrast in sound levels between a standard sonic boom and several progressively quieter booms was demonstrated. The initial boom, which measured 104 PNLdB (perceived noise level decibel), was generated by a NASA F/A-18 flying straight and level overhead at Mach 1.2. Four subsequent booms were generated by the aircraft performing a special low-boom dive maneuver several miles from the Edwards AFB lakebed. Of these the quietest was measured at 77.5 PNLdB, just above the 75 dB target threshold for QueSST. All were characterized by the double "boom, boom" of the classic "N wave" shockwave boom signature, though the quieter events generated more of a muted "thump-thump" sound. The intensity of the boom was modified by varying the distance away from spectators. Each dive was begun on the same heading by the F/A-18, flown by NASA chief research pilot Nils Larson, rolling inverted at 49,000 ft. and a speed of Mach 0.95. The aircraft was pulled into a 53-54-deg. dive angle before rolling upright and accelerating to hit Mach 1.1 at 40,000 ft. After passing this point the aircraft was pulled into a 3.5g recovery above 30,000 ft. However, it is impossible in current aircraft to prevent the formation of N-waves in supersonic cruise, so the QueSST design is tailored to prevent shockwaves from the nose, cockpit, engine inlets, wing, tail and exhausts from coalescing as they propagate through the atmosphere. By keeping the shockwaves separated all the way to the ground, developers aim to produce an S-shaped signature that sounds like a soft rumble. The 94-ft.-long QueSST is designed to produce a sine wave-shaped sonic boom level no louder than 75 PLNdB, 20 times quieter than Concorde's N-wave of 105 PNLdB. Lockheed Martin QueSST chief engineer Michael Buoanno says the "single engine concept is the lowest cost and the effects of its variability [spillage from the inlet] are shielded from ground observers." He adds, "The design also has unusual features, including a large number of lifting surfaces," referring to canards, a miniature T-tail atop the vertical fin and conventional, all-moving horizontal tails. "They are designed to let us tailor the lift distribution and the strength of the shocks to keep them from coalescing before they impact the observer on the ground," he says. The shaping of the aircraft's extended nose and forward positioning of the fixed canards mean it is "not feasible to give the pilot enough natural visibility to safely operate the airplane, so we have integrated an external vision system that uses a TV camera," says Buoanno. The system is expected to combine a high- definition camera for "see and avoid" situational awareness and a baseline system for landing and takeoff. The imagery will be projected on a multifunction display, possibly one identical to that used on the F-35 fighter. Lockheed began the aircraft system requirements review on June 1. "Then there are two other events, the first of which is the pre-preliminary design review (PDR) technical interchange meeting that will occur in November of this year and the actual preliminary design meeting which will occur in early June next year," says Lockheed Martin QueSST program manager Peter Iosifidis. "We are in the process of identifying the builder of the wind-tunnel model and doing the down select. We expect the wind-tunnel testing to take place probably in the winter to the first part of next year," he adds. "The testing will take place at NASA Glenn Research Center in the 8 X 6-[ft.] high-speed wind tunnel," says Richwine. "It is really the ideal scale for our model and the Mach number, and it gives us the Mach number range. Lockheed has some plans to do some low-speed testing in its own facilities," he says. The technical interchange meeting is designed to inform industry of the findings of the program to date. "When we competed for this contract, one of the requirements was that if we had won the contract, all the data that was developed [would be] under unlimited rights. Everything that we develop during this effort we share with industry, as NASA desires. Somebody can take this data and proceed where we left off. Certainly, our intention is to compete for the next phase, but it does not mean we are going to have the most competitive solution that NASA values in choosing that next supplier," says Iosifidis. In the meantime final decisions continue to be made over parts of the configuration. "Right now, our baseline engine is the General Electric F404-400. However, we are [making] trades to ensure this is the best solution for our project," he adds. For its high-altitude operation, particularly in stratospheric testing above the tropopause where the atmosphere warms with increasing altitude, the QueSST will require an engine with slightly different operating characteristics found in other variants of the F404. An open competition will follow next year's PDR to design and build an X-plane to fly by late 2019. Test flights to investigate the sonic boom are expected to start in 2020 and could ultimately expand to include international research agencies. "Supersonic flight is an unfulfilled promise but this time we really believe we understand the physics to shape the aircraft for low boom. We have got to engage the international community because if this aircraft is going to be successful it has to operate around the world," says Richwine. Meanwhile additional community test campaigns are planned across the U.S. when the QueSST is available for flights beyond the bounds of Edwards AFB. At least four, but possibly six, test campaigns are set to take place from 2021-23 at sites yet to be determined across the country featuring different geography, climate and population densities. www.aviationweek.com Back to Top The deadline is fast approaching to reserve your hotel room for the 2016 FAA Asia-Pacific Flight Standards Meeting July 19-21 at the Westin City Center Hotel in Washington, DC. A special discounted rate of $174/night (exclusive of taxes) has been reserved for conference participants. This rate includes daily breakfast for one person. Click here to reserve your room now! To receive this special rate, you must reserve your room by June 18(subject to availability). Still haven't registered to attend the conference? Please visit the conference website to get the latest information and to register: www.regonline.com/2016-AsiaPacificFlightStandardsMeeting. The deadline to register for the conference is Wednesday, June 29. Questions? Email us at ConferenceSupport@sidemgroup.com. Back to Top PhD Research Survey (I) Cranfield University Research: Do you or have you worked in aerospace design, manufacturing, or test engineering? My name is Steve Daniels, PhD researcher at Cranfield University, and ground crew for Lightning T-5 XS458. As part of my PhD, I am investigating how many aircraft design professionals have had some form of flying experience, and what effect this may have. If you currently work, or have previously worked in aerospace design, manufacturing, or test engineering (e.g: Conceptual Design, Aerospace Engineering Consultancy, Structural Engineering, Systems/Sub- Assembly Engineering, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Tooling Design, Flight Testing) I'd be grateful if you could spare some time to complete the survey by following the link below. If you know of anyone working in these areas who might also be interested, please share the link: https://cranfielduniversity.eu.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_82LinCFK4OdpEJn This research has been approved by the University's ethics committee, and will not record sensitive personal or commercial data. If you have any queries or comments, I welcome any contact at - s.daniels@cranfield.ac.uk Back to Top PhD Research Survey (II) Survey Link: https://cranfielduniversity.eu.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_d4IlfWhuMW3RgRn Curt Lewis