February 20, 2017 - No. 015 In This Issue PROS 2017 TRAINING Thailand Wants to Become Asia's Next Aviation MRO Hub Iran Reaches Lease Financing Deal For 77 Boeing, Airbus Planes SAAB TAKES OFF FOR HYDERABAD The Secret Service of the Skies STS Aviation Group Forms Strategic Alliance with Cannon Aviation; Launches STS Repair A European First For Icelandair MD: OSHA Finds BWI Chief Retaliated Against Whistle-Blower in Old Job DJI And World's Largest Model Aviation Group Join Hands For Safety, Training Programs NASA selects industry team to advance green aviation engine technology Thailand Wants to Become Asia's Next Aviation MRO Hub Government agencies, investment organizations and industry power players in Thailand are pooling their resources together through public and private partnerships to create Asia's next major aviation hub. With passenger traffic expected to triple in the Asia-Pacific region over the next two decades, public and private aviation figures see Thailand as a potential aviation hub rival to Singapore. Last week, Thailand's Transport Ministry unveiled a development plan between 2017 and 2031 split into three phases. The first phase between now and 2021 will focus on building a new maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) center for Thai Airways. The second phase focuses on the continued expansion of that MRO center through 2026, and the third phase will focus on expanding Thailand's aviation design and manufacturing capabilities. The Board of Investment of Thailand invited journalists from all over the world on a four-day tour of its involvement in the above mentioned plan, which is part of a broader plan to grow public and private industrial capabilities around manufacturing embedded electronics, smarter cars, robotics and other technologies. During the tour, the agency unveiled a plan to invest $5.7 billion into expanding both the runway and aircraft hangar and maintenance capacity at U-Tapao International Airport serving the Thai cities of Rayong and Pattaya. The starting place for Thailand's push to become Asia's next major aviation hub, that airport was first constructed with the help of the U.S. Air Force more than 50 years ago to support its involvement in the Vietnam War. In 2014, the airport was transitioned into a joint civil-military airport, which caused the number of annual passengers using the airport to jump from 168,000 that year to 750,000 in 2016. To support the expansion in growth, terminal two is now nearing completion. Thai Airways provided a tour of its current MRO facility at the airport and discussed future plans for modernizations. According to Natthapat Sreshthaputra, chief production engineer for the aircraft overhaul department at U-Tapao, Thai Airways envisions building a "smart hangar." Among the capabilities it would introduce is the use of drones to inspect aircraft fuselages for structural damage. The international carrier also wants to improve its ability to prepare for aircraft MRO activity for its own airplanes landing at U-Tapao. "Before the aircraft even lands, we want our engineers to see pilot reports about any hardware or software malfunctions on their iPads, so that we can be ready to address the problem and get the aircraft back into the air quickly," says Sreshthaputra. "We will be investing in acquiring new technologies to make this a reality." Repair and overhaul of auxiliary power units (APU) will be one of the future core capabilities of Thailand's aviation industry. Last week, global investment firm The Gores Group that its Gores Small Capitalization Partners has completed the acquisition of Triumph Group Inc.'s U.S. APU MRO business, Triumph Air Repair and Triumph Engines. The completion of the transaction for the APU Overhaul Operations of Triumph Aviation Services - Asia is expected to close in March. The combined businesses have been rebranded as TurbineAero, Inc., which will operate two facilities, one in Chandler, Arizona, and the other in Chonburi, Thailand. Rob Higby, former VP of sales and marketing for StandardAero's airlines and fleets division, was recently named CEO of TurbineAero. "Everybody knows the aerospace hub within Asia is Singapore," says Higby. "Singapore has done a phenomenal job of being that international switching hub for all the OEMs, most of the MRO shops all the things that bring aviation together. What Thailand has started to do very well for [Thailand's Board of Investment], and for all the other efforts, is make it inviting to build a business here, to grow a business here." http://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/02/17/thailand-wants-become-asias-next-aviation-mro-hub/ Back to Top Iran Reaches Lease Financing Deal For 77 Boeing, Airbus Planes Tehran has reached a deal with an international aircraft leasing company to finance the acquisition of 77 planes from Boeing and Airbus, according to local media reports. Details of the deal remain opaque at this stage and it is not clear who it has been signed with or when it will come into force. However, it is likely to be just the first of several large contracts in the coming weeks and months. Tehran has signed deals for 100 planes from Airbus, a further 80 from Boeing and 40 turboprops from French/Italian manufacturer ATR. Local airlines have also held discussions with Russia's Sukhoi and Brazil's Embraer. All of the deals need to be financed in some way. Irish leasing companies appear to be in a strong position to get involved in any contracts being negotiated. Ireland is one of the world's leading locations for aircraft leasing companies and, on February 11, the Civil Aviation Organization of Iran (CAOI) signed a cooperation agreement with the Irish Aviation Authority (IAA), covering aircraft leasing, flight supervision and maintenance and repair among other areas. The CAOI said at the time that "within the framework of the deal, Iranian airlines would be able to operate European-registered aircrafts; in other words, based on their scope of activities, the airlines can sign contracts with Irish airlines or leasing companies." Iran Aseman Airlines is set to be one of the first to take advantage of that agreement. It is planning to lease seven Airbus A320neo aircraft and "the terms of this contract [with the IAA] will apply as soon as these aircrafts land in Iran after being registered in Ireland," according to the CAOI. Among the Irish leasing companies linked to possible Iranian deals has been Avalon, which is owned by China's Bohai Leasing. The Irish Times reported on February 11 that Avalon's chief commercial officer John Higgins had spoken about a recent trip to Iran when addressing an event held by the Ireland China Business Association a day earlier. Some financing deals have clearly already moved ahead, as the first Airbus - a narrow bodied A321 - was delivered to Iran Air in January and a second is due to be handed over in March. The first Boeing delivery is not expected until early 2018. There have been concerns that the administration of US President Donald Trump could try to disrupt these deliveries, although Iranian officials have publically dismissed such a prospect. In the meantime, two other smaller leasing deals are currently being discussed according to the Ministry of Roads and Transport. They include a deal for 17 Airbus, six Boeing and eight ATR planes and another deal covering three Boeing 737 aircraft which would be used by Aseman. http://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2017/02/17/iran-lease-finance-boeing- airbus/#11678c23c513 Back to Top SAAB TAKES OFF FOR HYDERABAD What could have been the pride of Bengaluru six years ago in the field of airborne electronic warfare system, is now flourishing in Hyderabad in the neighbouring state of Telangana, much to Bengaluru's and Karnataka's loss. At a time when the information technology city, claiming to be the aerospace capital of India, is increasingly looked upon by the leading global aviation companies for development of future supersonic fighter gets, a major research and development joint venture (JV) between Hindustan Aeronautic Limited (HAL) and Swedish aircraft major SAAB for manufacturing airborne electronic warfare systems has silently been taken out of Bengaluru to Hyderabad. Two years after setting up shop in India, SAAB, back in 2011, had announced a major R&D joint venture with the Bengaluru-headquartered HAL for manufacturing avionics for combat helicopters. SAAB even decided to shut its manufacturing unit in South Africa in pursuance of a billion dollars' worth of business opportunities in India over the next 10 years. It had planned to set up a development facility in Bengaluru, and Bangalore Mirror had carried the announcement of the joint venture (JV) in February 2011 (see PDF). Choosing Bengaluru for their ambitious plan, Inderjit Sial, head of SAAB International India, had said, "Bengaluru is an automatic choice!" Swedish major's Asia-Pacific (Marketing and Business Development) Jan Widerstrom had even announced plans of recruiting about 300 students from various Indian universities for training in Sweden. And who were to be placed in India to carry out their R&D. However, six years since then, a lot has changed both in the scope of the JV and industry eco- system in Bengaluru. Although SAAB still has interest in Bengaluru, the much-hyped JV has given the city a miss as the company expanded its base with complete cooperation from the Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states. Acknowledging that the touted deal has been shelved, Jan Widerstrom told Bangalore Mirror that the JV did not take off. "We tried our best, but the JV just did not happen. The talks were on, and that too with passing of considerable time, the R&D plan just did not materialise in Bengaluru," Widerstrom revealed to Bangalore Mirror on the side-lines of Aero India 2017 at Yelahanka. City still on the cards But this setback has not stopped SAAB from pursuing its interests in Bengaluru. "HAL has been one of our strong Indian partners and it will continue to play a major role in our endeavours in India in the development of various programmes. This time, we announced a partnership with HAL for transfer of technology (ToT) for maintenance of Integrated Defensive Aide Suite (IDAS) system. We have also teamed up with Tata Power SED in Bengaluru for manufacturing self-protection systems for land based platforms. We have been in Bengaluru considering the government's policy towards promoting start-ups in the aviation industry; and the city is fast emerging as the aerospace capital of India," Widerstrom said.Currently, SAAB's IDAS has been chosen as the electronic warfare self- protection system for IAF and Indian Army Aviation Corps variants of Dhruv-the Advanced Light Helicopter manufactured by HAL. Interestingly, the ToT will ensure setting up of infrastructure at HAL Hyderabad and will run for 24- months. Subsequently, HAL-Hyderabad will qualify as SAAB approved IDAS repair facility. There on, HAL will focus on maintenance and repair of IDAS equipment for Indian end-users, according to a SAAB spokesperson. Bengaluru's miss, Hyderabad's gain! Interestingly, there is no clarity on what exactly stalled the HAL-SAAB JV. SAAB moved on to neighbouring Telangana to tie up with Tech Mahindra, opening a full-fledged R&D facility and training students and academia in Sweden. "Besides the tie-up based in Hyderabad, we have also set up a school (DEEP-Diploma Employment Enhancement Prgramme) to hone the skills of engineering students and labourers as per the aviation industry standards at Vijayawada. Hundreds of students were taken to Sweden and they are all focussed and working on technologies for the Grippen (SAAB's fighter aircraft that is on offer for the Indian Air Force) project," Widerstrom explained. http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/saab-takes-off-for- hyderabad/articleshow/57239627.cms Back to Top The Secret Service of the Skies When you think of security around the president of the United States, you most likely think of Secret Service officers in sunglasses, talking into microphones hidden in their cuffs. You probably don't think of the large bubble of restricted airspace that follows the president wherever he goes. These are essentially no-fly zones reaching up to 17,999 feet within a 30-nautical-mile radius of the president (a nautical mile is just over a regular mile). If you fly into that ring without permission from federal authorities, fighter jets will be on your wing before you can hum a few bars of "Hail to the Chief." This policy, in place since the Sept. 11 attacks, is causing more disruption than usual because President Trump has homes in some of the busiest airspace for general aviation in the country - metropolitan New York and South Florida. The first lady still lives in New York, and President Trump is scheduled to spend his third weekend in a row at his Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, which he and his aides have taken to calling his "Winter White House." Major commercial airliners and cargo carriers, such as Delta and FedEx, are unaffected by these temporary flight restrictions, or "TFRs" in aviation speak, because they undergo careful security screening whenever they fly. But general aviation - private and corporate flights, flight instruction, sightseeing tours, aerial photography, pipeline and utility inspections, surveying, weather and pollution monitoring, crop-dusting, banner-towing and more - has to cease or curtail operations. Aviation businesses in New York and Florida say they are facing significant, if not ruinous, losses. According to the Eastern Region Helicopter Council, which represents charter, medevac, news- gathering and sightseeing operators, 100,000 helicopter flights go in and out of New York City's four heliports each year, while around 200,000 helicopters and small airplanes transit the scenic Hudson River corridor. "It's like an Interstate," said Jeff Smith, vice president of operations for the council. With a few exceptions, like for law enforcement and medical emergencies, aircraft are now prohibited within a one-nautical-mile radius of Trump Tower in New York. That ring is expected to expand to a 10-nautical-mile radius - covering almost all of Manhattan - when the president is in town. Flights to and from airports within 20 to 30 nautical miles may continue, but only if the pilots file a fight plan, transmit a discrete radio signal (known as a transponder code) and remain in constant communication with air traffic controllers. If President Trump visits New York frequently or on short notice, "the economic impact of these restrictions would be tremendous," said Rune Duke, the director of government affairs at the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. The pain is already being felt by those used to flying around Mar-a-Lago. The region has a robust general aviation community, in part because of the pleasant weather. It has become a hub of flight training at a time when there is a worldwide pilot shortage. According to the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, the six South Florida airports affected by the presidential airspace restrictions "account for a local economic output exceeding $1 billion, create over 8,000 jobs and have a total payroll of $290 million." Now, not so much. Palm Beach County Park Airport, known locally as Lantana Airport, is around six miles from Mar-a-Lago, so no departures are allowed during presidential visits. "We're basically on lockdown when he's here," said Jonathan Miller, the airport's fixed base operator. Fixed base operators sell fuel, rent hangar space, manage aircraft parking and handle arrangements for visiting crew and passengers. "You can't even run an engine for maintenance," he said, which harms his mechanic and paint shop tenants. "We understand the president needs to be protected, but this is going to put us out of business." Lantana's Palm Beach Flight Training school has had to suspend training and cancel tens of thousands of dollars in flights. The owner, Marian Smith, said she feared she would lose contracts from local colleges, endangering the employment of her 19 instructors and the business she started in 1998. She said it was as if a cloud had descended over the airport, similar to when it was discovered that one of the Sept. 11 hijackers, Mohamed Atta, had rented an airplane there. Dave Kerner, a Palm Beach County commissioner who trained to get his pilot's license at Lantana and had his bar mitzvah in one of the hangars, said: "I'd love to talk to President Trump on the tarmac and show him what's going on. It's a level of devastation for my constituents that is kind of frightening." And then there's Palm Beach International Airport, less than 2.1 nautical miles from Mar-a-Lago, which owes 60 percent of its traffic to general aviation. When the president is in residence, all inbound flights must first detour to one of five so-called gateway airports, including Teterboro Airport in New Jersey and Orlando International Airport in Florida, where aircraft can undergo the security screening necessary to get clearance to fly on to Palm Beach. Doug Carr, a security expert at the National Business Aviation Association, said the steep drop in traffic at Palm Beach International during the president's recent visits indicates the planes' operators have decided to avoid the area altogether rather than deal with the hassle and expense of diverting off course and having their aircraft, crew and passengers intrusively searched and vetted. Those affected include not only wealthy private jet owners who have homes and business interests in the Palm Beach area, like Michael Bloomberg and Bill Gates, but also small-business owners and their employees. Companies that handle the cleaning, catering and maintenance for these aircraft are hurting, while flights for every purpose from sky-diving to wildlife monitoring are now either forbidden or require going through an onerous, and often fruitless, approval process. South Florida officials have met with the Secret Service and the F.A.A. seeking ways to mitigate the damage, like creating a narrow flyway in and out of the airspace so that Lantana Airport can resume some degree of function. But Commissioner Kerner said that the Secret Service has been "resolute in its restrictions." President Trump is unlikely to intervene. For more than two decades he repeatedly sued Palm Beach County over air traffic noise, at one point accusing the local airports director of "intentional battery" by maliciously directing jets to fly over Mar-a-Lago. Lawyers for the county responded that they couldn't help it that the estate is just off the end of the airport's main east-west runway. Now, when the president visits, airplanes will be required to turn almost immediately after takeoff and fan out and away from the estate, in line with what was demanded in the lawsuits. Requests for comment from the White House went unanswered. But then, getting an answer was about as likely as getting clearance to fly Lazy 8's in the president's airspace. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/18/opinion/sunday/the-secret-service-of-the-skies.html?_r=0 Back to Top STS Aviation Group Forms Strategic Alliance with Cannon Aviation; Launches STS Repair and Modification, LLC. Jensen Beach, Fla., February 17, 2017 - STS Aviation Group announces that it has formed a new corporate division focused on delivering aircraft repair and modification services. The new division is aptly named STS Repair and Modification, and it is built around an existing team of highly skilled Aircraft Maintenance Technicians and Aerospace Engineers that provide fixed-cost aircraft repair and modification services to customers worldwide. "STS is extremely proud to offer new and existing customers the best aircraft repair and modification services in the country," states PJ Anson, CEO of STS Aviation Group. "When forming this new division, we aligned with former leaders of Cannon Aviation to streamline the division's ramp-up time and ensure that our customers have access to the very best aircraft repair and modification teams in the business." In addition to offering structural aircraft repair and modification services, STS Repair and Modification also excels at delivering cost-effective avionics repair and modification solutions to customers. "Not only do we provide exceptional interior and exterior aircraft structural modifications, the STS Repair and Modification's team effectively executes custom avionics repair and modification programs while working on things like Wi-Fi mods, satellite communication systems, flight data recorders and more," articulates Sonny Cannon, Vice President of Operations for STS Repair and Modification. STS Repair and Modification is now open for business. If you would like to learn more about the company's aircraft repair and modification service offerings, please visit: STS Repair and Modification. http://www.aviationpros.com/press_release/12307101/sts-aviation-group-forms-strategic-alliance- with-cannon-aviation-launches-sts-repair-and-modification-llc Back to Top A European First For Icelandair Icelandair has become the first airline in Europe to install and operate Aviation Partners Boeing's Scimitar Blended Winglets (SBWs) on Boeing 757-200s. The Scimitar Blended Winglet, Aviation Partners' latest winglet design, uses the company's existing Blended Winglet technology but adds new aerodynamic scimitar tips and a small outboard aerodynamic trailing edge wedge to increase the aircraft's aerodynamic efficiency. Icelandair is retrofitting the SBWs to its 757-200s as an enhancement to the 757-200 blended winglets which are already installed on the aircraft. The carrier expects the new winglets to increase savings in block fuel, to reduce engine maintenance, to improve take-off performance and to reduce engine emissions, as well as to provide other benefits, according to Aviation Partners Boeing (APB), which is a Seattle-based joint venture of Aviation Partners, Inc. and The Boeing Company. "Here at Icelandair we take our commitment for greener aircraft very seriously. By adding the SBW to our 757-200 Blended Winglet fleet, we will further cut fuel consumption by over 1 per cent on many flights, and therefore reduce emissions. This kind of technology helps us with our on-going drive for carbon neutral growth by 2020," says Andri Grétarsson, Icelandair's 757 fleet managing director. APB's Scimitar Blended Winglet replaces the company's standard aluminium Blended Winglet tip with an aerodynamically optimised, scimitar-shaped tip cap. This offers an additional drag-reduction benefit over the standard Blended Winglet configuration. The Scimitar Blended Winglet modification reduces Boeing 757-200 fuel burn by up to an additional 1.1 per cent over the fuel saving provided by the Blended Winglets alone, according to APB. Together the winglets and the new mod can reduce fuel burn by more than 6 per cent, the company says. Icelandair has found various ways to minimise its environmental impact by examining every aspect of its flight operations, from reducing the amount of paper carried in the passenger cabin and extra water stored in the aircraft's water tank to implementing environmentally friendly aircraft-design updates. "We have a goal to fully support IATA's vision of achieving zero emissions by 2050. We are always looking for new ways that will help us move in that direction. Increasing our aircraft's fuel-efficiency is a key to reducing emissions which will help us meet that goal," says Grétarsson. Icelandair is now working on its fourth Scimitar Blended Winglet modification and plans to have a total of 17 aircraft in service with the new mods retrofitted before the 2017 summer season. http://www.mro-network.com/airlines/european-first-icelandair Back to Top MD: OSHA Finds BWI Chief Retaliated Against Whistle-Blower in Old Job Feb. 18--A federal agency has made a preliminary ruling that the chief executive at BWI Marshall Airport, while in his previous job, retaliated against a whistle-blower who reported runway safety concerns to the Federal Aviation Administration. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration made a preliminary finding that Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, while it was led by current BWI Executive Director Ricky D. Smith Sr., demoted field maintenance manager Adul-Malik Ali after he complained to an FAA inspector about a lack of deicing chemicals and insufficient staffing to keep runways clear during snowy weather. In a letter dated this week, OSHA found Ali's whistle-blowing actions were protected under federal law and that retaliation was a violation. The agency said his reinstatement "is warranted." The job safety agency's finding follows a determination by the FAA in 2015, shortly after Smith was hired by the administration of Republican Gov. Larry Hogan to run BWI, that Hopkins had failed to keep its runways safe. Aviation regulators fined the Cleveland Airport and its owner, the city of Cleveland, $735,000 for failing to keep its runways clear of ice and snow. The city later agreed to pay $200,000 and to improve its runway safety practices. Smith, formerly chief operating officer at BWI, returned to head the Baltimore airport after Hogan fired Paul J. Wiedefeld, an appointee of Democratic Gov. Martin O'Malley who had held the position since 2009. Wiedefeld has since been hired as general manager of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority and is leading efforts to rebuild its ailing Metrorail system. In its letter, OSHA said Ali's actions, which telling superiors about deficient supplies and staffing and meeting with FAA officials, were contributing factors in the airport's decision to accuse him of being intoxicated, taking away his city vehicle and assigning him to what OSHA called "derogatory work." http://www.aviationpros.com/news/12307185/osha-finds-bwi-chief-retaliated-against-whistle- blower-in-old-job Back to Top DJI And World's Largest Model Aviation Group Join Hands For Safety, Training Programs A new safety and training program is on the verge of being launched by the AMA (Academy of Model Aeronautics) in collaboration with DJI, the pioneer in drone technology. The program will promote safety and responsibility while flying a drone and will also train public safety officers to use drones to good effect. According to Robotics Tomorrow, Aviation giants AMA and DJI are coming together to maximize the efforts of educational outreach. DJI, being the world's leading manufacturer of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), will play a significant role along with AMA in providing new programs and options for the enthusiasts of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS), an abbreviation used for drones by the FAA. Both AMA and DJI will involve into more joint activities to inspire people from all age groups regarding model aviation and recreational drone flying. The members of the top managements of both AMA and DJI are very much excited for the collaboration. They are in talks to develop a joint AMA membership. The imparting of viable knowledge for safely flying personal drones through new programs and also the orientation of programs for the youth interested in taking up careers in aviation and technology of drones is also a significant part of the plans of AMA and DJI. According to Digital Trends, the AMA is the biggest organization in the whole world for model aviation, with almost 200000 members globally. The non-profit organization also boasts of holding more than 2000 competitions every year and consists of over 2500 across the US. Reportedly, the two groups, AMA and DJI, will work together for a better future in enhancing training and careers in drone flying. The youngsters participating in AMA's UAS4STEM drone construction competition will also have the privilege of getting a 10% discount on DJI products. AMA and DJI working together to bring the latest in technology with aviation expertise is already exciting a number of people. Experts are pretty sure of the fact that the two companies working together to restore the freedom of operating model aircraft, both for entertainment as well as educational purpose. http://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/8965/20170219/dji-worlds-largest-model-aviation-group- join-hands-safety-training.htm Back to Top NASA selects industry team to advance green aviation engine technology Hampton, Virginia - NASA's Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) has chosen a Connecticut-based company to conduct an aircraft engine flight demonstration designed to showcase quieter, more fuel-efficient, less polluting engine technology. United Technologies Corp. (UTC)/Pratt & Whitney in Hartford has been selected for NASA's Ultra- High Bypass Advanced Nacelle Technologies Flight Demonstration - part of NASA Aeronautics' research efforts to make commercial airliners more environmentally friendly. The proposed three-year, cost-shared cooperative agreement between NASA and a Pratt & Whitneyteam, which includes the Boeing Company in St. Louis, Missouri, and UTC Aerospace Systems in San Diego, California, will invest in the design, fabrication, testing, integration, and flight demonstration of a suite of engine technologies that improve aerodynamic performance and reduce overall weight and noise. The challenge is to integrate those technologies into a single structure and apply them to a commercial transport high bypass ratio jet engine advanced nacelle system. NASA's portion of the investment over the three years is about $22 million. NASA and the industry team will develop, ground test, and take to flight technologies integrated on an advanced compact engine inlet to reduce drag, weight, noise, and fuel consumption. Technologies to be addressed include: * Active and laminar flow for drag reduction * Advanced light-weight composite structures for weight reduction with laminar flow compatible outer mold lines * Acoustic liners extended into nacelle lip region for noise reduction * Advanced low power anti-ice/de-ice systems compatible with compact inlet and acoustic liners * Advanced coatings for abrasion and to reduce insect adhesion The Flight Demonstrations and Capabilities Project under ARMD's Integrated Aviation Systems Program sponsored the cooperative agreement solicitation. The effort will be managed by the Advanced Nacelle Subproject at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. http://www.aerospacemanufacturinganddesign.com/article/nasa-pratt-whitney-green-aviation- technology-021717/ Curt Lewis