Flight Safety Information February 28, 2020 - No. 043 In This Issue Incident: PIA B772 over Germany and Czechia on Feb 27th 2020, loss of communication Accident: Jetsmart A320 at Puerto Montt on Feb 21st 2020, severe hard landing de Havilland Canada DHC-8-314Q Dash 8 - Engine Failure - FOD (Kenya) UPS pilots take precautions flying into China US says Chinese warship fired military laser at US aircraft Airlines at Center of Storm as Coronavirus Spreads NEW QANTAS FATIGUE SYSTEM SETS STAGE FOR SUNRISE Vistara to Become India's First Airline to Feature In-flight Internet CONGRESS INTRODUCES LEGISLATION FOR A NATIONAL AVIATION CENTER Boeing has a plan to help MAXed-out suppliers Southwest makes unprecedented move to improve health, environmental safety at $100M DIA hangar Incident: PIA B772 over Germany and Czechia on Feb 27th 2020, loss of communication A PIA Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 777-200, registration AP-BMG performing flight PK-786 from London Heathrow,EN (UK) to Islamabad (Pakistan), was enroute at FL370 over southern Germany when the communication between ATC and the aircraft was lost. The aircraft proceeded into Czech Airspace, Czech ATC queried the crew "Do you read?" and instructed them to press ident on their transponder, however, no reaction. The aircraft continued at FL370 along the planned flight route, nonetheless, fighter aircraft were dispatched to intercept the aircraft, the Boeing however crossed into Slovak Airspace without restoring communication. It is currently unclear when and where ATC communication was restored. The aircraft climbed from FL370 to FL390 over Azerbaijan. The aircraft is currently still enroute estimated to arrive in Islamabad in about two hours on schedule. http://avherald.com/h?article=4d3dd158&opt=0 Back to Top Accident: Jetsmart A320 at Puerto Montt on Feb 21st 2020, severe hard landing at about +3.6G A Jetsmart Chile Airbus A320-200, registration CC-AWA performing flight JA-151 from Santiago to Puerto Montt (Chile), landed on Puerto Montt's runway 17 at about 16:40L (19:40Z) but touched down hard at about +3.6G, bounced, touched down a second time and rolled out without further incident. The aircraft was unable to continue service and is still on the ground 6 days later. The damage to the aircraft is being assessed but is considered substantial. The local weather station reported at 16:00L: Temperature 28 degrees C, Dew point 1 degrees C, Winds from East at about 5 knots, QNH 1005. At 17:00L the weather station reported: Temperature 29 degrees C, Dew Point 3 degrees C, winds from southsoutheast at 6 knots, QNH 1005. Surveillance Camera showing the occurrence: Accident: Jetsmart A320 at Puerto Montt on Feb 21st 2020, severe hard landing at about +3.6G http://avherald.com/h?article=4d3dbc88&opt=0 Back to Top de Havilland Canada DHC-8-314Q Dash 8 - Engine Failure - FOD (Kenya) Date: 28-FEB-2020 Time: 09:54 LT Type: de Havilland Canada DHC-8-314Q Dash 8 Owner/operator: Fly 540 Registration: 5Y-CGH C/n / msn: 525 Fatalities: Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 54 Other fatalities: 0 Aircraft damage: Unknown Location: Kapenguria - Kenya Phase: Unknown Nature: Passenger Departure airport: Kapese Airport (HKPC) Destination airport: Nairobi-Wilson Airport (WIL/HKNW) Narrative: A Fly 540 DHC-8-314Q made a forced landing after takeoff from Kapese Airport, Kenya. The aircraft carried Tullow Oil employees from Lodwar to Kapese and Nairobi. In a statement, the airline reported: "At 9:54am, Fly540's DASH8 300 had a suspected foreign object strike which led to an engine failure. The Captain then declared an emergency landing," https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/233307 Back to Top UPS pilots take precautions flying into China "We have directed our pilots who have transited affected areas to seek medical attention immediately should they experience flu-like symptoms," UPS Strategic Communications Director Mike Mangeot said. (Source: Unsplash) LOUISVILLE, KY (WAVE) - UPS pilots volunteering for flights into China are takings steps to avoid contracting the coronavirus. A statement released Thursday from UPS Strategic Communications Director Mike Mangeot described safety measures being taken "out of an abundance of caution," which include masks, hand sanitizer and thermometers being provided for flight crews. Flight decks of all returning Asia flights are also disinfected. "We have directed our pilots who have transited affected areas to seek medical attention immediately should they experience flu-like symptoms," Mangeot said. "It's important to understand that people receiving packages are not at risk of contracting the virus. WHO analysis has shown coronaviruses do not survive long on objects, such as letters or packages." Mangeot said UPS continues to fly in and out of China daily. https://www.wave3.com/2020/02/27/ups-pilots-take-precautions-flying-into-china/ Back to Top US says Chinese warship fired military laser at US aircraft Washington (CNN)The US Navy said Thursday that a Chinese military warship fired a military grade laser at US Navy P-8 surveillance aircraft last week while it was flying over the Pacific Ocean, an action that the US Navy called "unsafe and unprofessional." The People's Republic of China "navy destroyer's actions were unsafe and unprofessional," US Pacific Fleet said in a statement Thursday. "Weapons-grade lasers could potentially cause serious harm to aircrew and mariners, as well as ship and aircraft systems," the statement added. Military-grade laser beams, occasionally known as "dazzlers," omit a powerful beam of light that can travel great distances and be used to illuminate aircraft cockpits, temporarily blinding pilots. Defense officials told CNN that a formal diplomatic protests known as a démarche is expected to be issued. The incident comes amid ongoing tensions between the US and Chinese militaries. The Pentagon has repeatedly said that China represents an increasingly serious threat to regional security, saying that major Chinese investments in its military are aimed at achieving regional dominance. "Over time, we have watched them seize and militarize islands in the South China Sea, and rapidly modernize their armed forces, while seeking to use emerging technologies to alter the landscape of power and reshape the world in their favor ... and often at the expense of others," US Defense Secretary Mark Esper said earlier this month. The US has similarly issued such diplomatic protests in the past due to what the US said was Chinese military forces using lasers against US aircraft. One such incident took place in the East African nation of Djibouti where both the US and China maintain military bases. US officials in 2018 accused Chinese forces stationed in Djibouti of injuring US pilots with a laser that was fired at a US C-130J aircraft. https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/politics/chinese-laser-us-aircraft/index.html Back to Top Airlines at Center of Storm as Coronavirus Spreads LONDON - European airlines stepped up their warnings over the coronavirus outbreak on Friday, with British Airways-owner IAG and Finnair flagging a hit to profits and easyJet reporting a big drop in demand into and out of a virus-affected region in Italy. All three airlines also joined rivals in announcing cost cuts to help weather a storm of unknown severity and duration. A new coronavirus, which emerged late last year in China, has sent demand for travel plunging in recent weeks as the outbreak has spread around the world, raising fears of a pandemic that could plunge the global economy into recession. IAG, which also owns Iberia and Aer Lingus, usually gives an earnings forecast at this time of year, but said the ongoing uncertainty over the impact and duration of the outbreak meant it could not give accurate profit guidance at this stage. However, it warned: "We are currently experiencing demand weakness on Asian and European routes and a weakening of business travel across our network resulting from the cancellation of industry events and corporate travel restrictions." British Airways has in recent days canceled flights to and from Italy, Singapore and South Korea, after it suspended all direct flights to China in January. IAG said further cancellations would follow in the coming days. Lower air traffic growth projections prompted Spanish travel technology firm Amadeus to forecast slower 2020 core profit growth on Friday, but it stressed the outlook did not yet account for the uncertain impact of the coronavirus outbreak. To deal with the drop in business, IAG said it was cutting costs, without giving details - joining the likes of Germany's Lufthansa and Amsterdam-based KLM which have announced similar plans. It also said flight cancellations would reduce capacity growth this year, although CEO Willie Walsh said the group could start to add capacity if other airlines failed. Airline stocks have been among the biggest casualties of a stock market rout this week as coronavirus fears have gripped investors. At 0845 GMT, IAG shares were down 8% at 474.59 pence, while easyJet stock was down 3% at 1,075 pence and Finnair was off 3.4% at 4.922 euros. DISRUPTION Budget carrier EasyJet reported a "significant" softening of demand into and out of its bases in northern Italy - the center of the biggest coronavirus outbreak in Europe - and a reduction across its other European markets. It also said it would be cancelling some flights, particularly into and out of Italy, and that it would make cost savings across its business, without giving details. "We continue to monitor the situation carefully and will update the market in due course," it said, adding it was too early to determine the impact on its results. Finnair, meanwhile, warned of a "significant" fall in operating profit this year due to virus-related disruption. Finland's national airline also said its was scrapping its 2020 capacity growth target, and would look into cutting costs by 40-50 million euros ($44-54 million), with measures under consideration including temporary layoffs. https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/02/28/business/28reuters-china-health- airlines.html Back to Top NEW QANTAS FATIGUE SYSTEM SETS STAGE FOR SUNRISE Australia's aviation regulator has approved a new system for managing pilot fatigue at Qantas that allows the airline to develop duty limits for its ultra-long-haul Project Sunrise flights. While the new system allows the airline to develop duty limits of more than 20 hours, the airline will still need to go back to the Civil Aviation Safety Authority for approval of each route and provide a safety case for how it will manage pilot fatigue on that route. But it is an important step forward in the process and means Qantas pilots are now subject to a new Fatigue Risk Management System based on modern fatigue science and the airline's operational experience. The airline says the data-driven, performance-based system is a big improvement on previous prescriptive rules that had been in place for years. Fitting within the airline's overall Safety Management System, its purpose is to ensure safe levels of pilot fatigue and ensure flight crew are alert, particularly in critical phases of flight such as landings and take-offs. It argues these rules had not kept up with changes in long-haul flying as planes gained greater range and with aircraft cabin technology, nor did they respond to new and emerging fatigue risks. Even as far back as the mid-1980s, Qantas had to go CASA to get an exemption from the rules to fly longer sectors. It is now the first Australian commercial airline to have an FRMS approved under new fatigue rules introduced in September 2019 and only the second organization after the Royal Flying Doctor Service. "The Qantas approval follows a 12-month trial, which was carefully monitored by CASA,'' CASA spokesman Peter Gibson said. "CASA has assessed the Qantas fatigue risk management system as robust and capable of managing fatigue across the airline's current operational approvals. " Gibson confirmed the approvals did not cover the proposed ultra-long-haul Sunrise flights. "These will require changes to the new fatigue risk management system and require CASA approval prior to commencement," he said. The year-long trial covered both domestic and international flights and CASA will continue to oversee and regulate the FRMS. Qantas argues the FRMS brings it into line with the latest global practices and gives it the flexibility to ensure risks are identified and managed as they arise. It has had a system running in parallel to the prescriptive rule set for more than five years and has been collecting data and modeling fatigue risks during that time But it notes managing fatigue is a shared responsibility with pilots responsible for managing their fatigue, admitting when they're too tired and turning up for work well- rested. Nor is the issue exclusive to long-haul flying: the FRMS also monitors and manages fatigue risks in short-haul flying. "Globally, regulators and airlines are moving away from prescriptive, one size fits all fatigue rules to performance-based systems that are based on science and data to effectively manage pilot fatigue,'' said Qantas chief pilot Captain Richard Tobiano. "We use data, fatigue science and medical advice to create rosters that give pilots enough rest between their days of flying or ensuring that they get appropriate rest while they are flying long flights. "Like any system, we'll continue to make improvements as we gather more and more data, which could mean changes to rosters or flying patterns to further reduce fatigue. "Given the routes we fly, we already have a mature fatigue management system in place, and this formalizes a lot of what we have already been doing alongside the existing regulations." In addition to an established pilot reporting system, Qantas also has a Fatigue Safety Action Group that includes line pilots, including a union representative, as well as medical experts and flight duty teams. The action group meets monthly to advise on fatigue and review fatigue reports and data across all Qantas operations. The data can range from active fatigue reporting on a particular risk to detailed studies by the company, surveys and the use of wearable monitoring devices that measure when people are awake and asleep. Reports are sought from pilots on issues such as rostering and alertness at the top of descent. The studies have gone as deep as tracking melatonin levels in urine to determine pilots' circadian rhythms as they move across time zones. It has also been using "bio-mathematical" modeling of rosters for several years to predict likely fatigue risk. This is an algorithm that can analyze either an individual roster or batch process a group of rosters to identify problems. It looks at rostering issues such as time of day, how long a pilot has been awake and how much sleep he or she has had in the past 24 to 48 hours. A new study in March will ask 30 Airbus A330 pilots to wear monitoring watches for up to 56 days so that data can be fed back into the bio-mathematical model to test whether the algorithm reflects what's going on with flight crew out on the line. To help with some of the more complex studies, the airline has teamed Monash University researchers and the Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity. This has helped the airline understand fatigue on longer routes such as Perth-London and Brisbane-Chicago. https://www.airlineratings.com/news/new-qantas-fatigue-system-sets-stage-sunrise/ Back to Top Vistara to Become India's First Airline to Feature In-flight Internet Soon, Vistara Airlines' cabin experience will feature in-flight Internet access for passengers. Photo: Vistara A partnership agreement between Panasonic Avionics and Tata Group subsidiary Nelco Limited is set to make Vistara India's first domestic airline to offer in-flight Internet access to passengers. The agreement between Panasonic, its subsidiary ITC Global allows the company to begin offering in-flight connectivity services in India through Nelco's Department of Telecommunications license for In-flight Maritime Connectivity in accordance with the Flight and Maritime Connectivity regulations first established by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India in 2018. Vistara, a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines, During an appearance on CNBC, Vistara Chief Operating Officer Vinod Kannan confirmed the carrier's plans to take deliveries of new Airbus A321s and Boeing 787s over the next few months that will be its first to feature IFEC from Panasonic. "We're taking delivery of the first aircraft in February, the second one comes in March and as part of the features available on the aircraft we have teamed up with Panasonic to have in-flight connectivity on the flights. This is a function of regulatory approval, which has progressed very fast and we're now in discussions with Panasonic on the commercial terms because we need to come up with the price plan and the scope of the service," Kannan said. India's government first established terms for companies to start applying for licenses to provide in-flight broadband services in December 2018. Panasonic has been working with Nelco on the deployment of both aviation and maritime connectivity for Indian operators since March 2019. Vistara will look to leverage its notoriety from becoming the first connected airline in India to continue to fuel its growth in passenger traffic and fleet size over the last year. Since March 2019, the carrier is on track to have taken delivery of more than 20 new aircraft, growing its fleet size to 42. In August, Vistara started operating its first flights outside of India, on routes to destinations in Dubai, Singapore and Thailand. On Jan. 9, 2020 Vistara celebrated its five-year anniversary. Nelco, a Tata subsidiary and provider of telecommunications services across several industries in India, added "Aero In Flight Communication" to its services portfolio in 2018. Here, Nelco provides an overview of how in-flight connectivity services in India will work. Nelco's Whitepaper on Future of In-Flight Communication for Indian Aviation Sector describes how in December 2018, "the Government of India came up with forward looking policy for In-Flight and Maritime Communication (IFMC) framework, allowing usage of Satcom services over Indian skies and waters. The new license has made it possible for aircrafts to maintain the connectivity they need while flying over Indian skies." The two entities have been "integrating networks to enable connectivity services using bandwidth from Indian satellites landing in Nelco's teleport in Mumbai, India," according to statement issued by Panasonic. Vistara's connected aircraft fleet will join over 700 aircraft operated by 30 other airlines using connectivity from Panasonic's GSAT 14 satellite. Panasonic lists its subsidiary AeroMobile, Nelco and "local telecoms organizations" among its partners involved in the effort to bring IFC to airlines headquartered in India. Global Connected Aircraft Podcast logo Want to hear more on aircraft connectivity applications? Check out the Global Connected Aircraft Podcast, where Avionics editor-in- chief Woodrow Bellamy III interviews airlines and industry influencers on how they're applying connectivity solutions. "Becoming the first satellite communications provider to offer services over India is a major milestone for Panasonic," Ken Sain, CEO of Panasonic Avionics said of the agreement with Nelco. https://www.aviationtoday.com/2020/02/27/vistara-become-indias-first-airline-feature- flight-internet/ Back to Top CONGRESS INTRODUCES LEGISLATION FOR A NATIONAL AVIATION CENTER Bipartisan legislation introduced in the Senate on February 27 would help ensure the aviation and aerospace industries in the United States remain competitive and are prepared to address the workforce challenges facing the entire industry. A general view of the U.S. Capitol dome in Washington, D.C., Oct. 4, 2013. File photo by Jonathan Ernst, REUTERS. Known as the National Center for the Advancement of Aviation (NCAA), the bill has already garnered overwhelming support from AOPA and organizations representing all segments of aviation across the country. The proposal will open the door for all stakeholders to come together in support of a long-overdue, national industry forum. It will help ensure science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)-based aviation curriculum reaches the 25,000-plus high schools across the country, assist in apprenticeships, and help military veterans and others transition to good paying technical jobs in the aviation industry. The NCAA would be a private entity and no general fund taxpayer dollars would be used to support it. The legislation calls for funding the initiative by using a small percentage of the interest that is accrued annually on the taxes and fees collected from users deposited into the aviation trust fund. Today, users of our aviation system pay for nearly all the costs associated with the operations of the FAA including air traffic control modernization. Moreover, the proposed center would be prohibited from involvement in any political or legislative activity. Spearheaded by U.S. Sens. James Inhofe (R-Okla.) and Tammy Duckworth (D-Ill.), the NCAA would focus on four key initiatives: aviation workforce development, including the facilitation of STEM-based aviation curriculum for high school students; a repository for aviation research; safety and economic data analysis; and the fostering of needed collaboration among the entire aviation industry. "The widespread support for this center is very encouraging. This center would do more to promote needed cooperation in the aviation community including efforts to address the workforce challenges our industry is facing now and into the future. Whether it be pilots starting in general aviation, military or commercial pilots, technicians, maintenance workers, or others, we need to ensure that our industry remains competitive and can meet these challenges," said AOPA President Mark Baker. "AOPA is proud to work alongside allies in Congress and respected aviation leaders to make this center a reality." Demand for air travel, a sizeable cohort of commercial pilots nearing the mandated retirement age, and the high cost of training have all led to a shortage of qualified professionals in the industry. Boeing's 2019 Pilot and Technician Outlook predicts the need for 804,000 new civil aviation pilots, 769,000 new maintenance technicians, and 914,000 new cabin crew over the next 20 years to fly and maintain the global aircraft fleet. In North America alone, Boeing suggests 212,000 new pilots and 193,000 new technicians will be needed over the next two decades. According to the Aeronautical Repair Station Association the technician shortage is costing the U.S. aviation maintenance industry an estimated $118 million per month ($1.421 billion per year) in lost economic opportunity. Additionally, the Aviation Technician Education Council predicts that the mechanic population will decrease 5 percent in the next 15 years. New entrants make up just 2 percent of the technician workforce annually, while 30 percent is at or near retirement age. The U.S. Air Force is short thousands of fighter pilots but has taken significant steps to reduce that gap and seek initiatives to retain more airmen. Using 3D virtual reality, the Air Force is looking to speed up pilot training-a technique that could also benefit the civilian pilot training sector. The NCAA would be an avenue for the Air Force to share its experience, allowing for cross-industry collaboration and potentially reducing the cost of civilian flight training. The future of the entire aviation ecosystem depends on effective training, resources, and innovative ideas, which can be accomplished through the establishment of the NCAA. Additionally, this center would allow the FAA to focus on safety and certification while the industry invests in the collaboration of promoting aviation through education, training, research, and awareness of the many job opportunities in the aviation industry. https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2020/february/27/congress- introduces-legislation-for-a-national-aviation-center Back to Top Boeing has a plan to help MAXed-out suppliers Boeing Co. reportedly plans to hold more parts in inventory than in the past to help solidify work for its 737 MAX suppliers when production of the troubled jet resumes. The Boeing Co. plans to stockpile more parts than in the past in an effort to help its beleaguered supply chain when production resumes on the grounded 737 MAX. According to a report this week from the Wall Street Journal, the effort is designed to help guarantee order flow for suppliers and could be a way to help keep some from trying to offset lost work with competitors such as Airbus. The reported plan is in keeping with the outlook given by Boeing (NYSE: BA) CEO David Calhoun following the company's latest earnings report in January. He said getting the supply chain out in front of even Boeing's own production rates early would be a key in a successful return to production. "Their rate in return in these early months will be ahead of ours, and that's by design simply because we want the protection in our factories so that we never travel work," Calhoun said. Suppliers indicated in the WSJ report that they had been given production scenarios for 2020 ranging from 100 to 300 aircraft for the year, depending on when Boeing restarts production. The 737 MAX has been grounded since March 2019 following a second MAX crash. In all, 346 people were killed. The company early this year halted production on the MAX as it continues to wait on re- certification of the aircraft. While Boeing continues to target a mid-year return, no definitive date has been given by regulators such as the Federal Aviation Administration. The company has also said that it believes production can resume again even before the grounding order is lifted. One of its largest suppliers, Wichita-based Spirit AeroSystems Inc., has already outlined its 2020 plan on the 737 MAX. As part of a new production agreement with Boeing announced late last month, Spirit said it expects to deliver 216 of the fuselages it builds for the 737 MAX in 2020. That represents a nearly 65-percent output decline from its estimated delivery total on the program in 2019. The decision to temporarily halt production led to 2,800 layoffs at Spirit in Wichita, which was around 20 percent of its local workforce. While the company did say that the 2020 plan remained contingent on the MAX being cleared for a return, it said it did not expect to return to its 2019 output level until at least 2022 as production is slowly ramped back up. At the time the production halt went into effect at Spirit on Jan. 1, the company was building at the rate of 52 aircraft per month on the program. Spirit builds around 70 percent of the structure on the MAX, an aircraft that accounts for around half of its annual sales. Spirit is also a major supplier for Airbus - though Boeing drives its work in Wichita - and has plans to increase its work for the European manufacturer through a previously announced acquisition of Bombardier Inc.'s aerostructures business that is expected to close later this year. https://www.bizjournals.com/wichita/news/2020/02/26/boeing-has-a-plan-to-help- maxed-out-suppliers.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo Back to Top Southwest makes unprecedented move to improve health, environmental safety at $100M DIA hangar The proposed $100 million hangar for Southwest at Denver International Airport. The completion of a $100 million maintenance hangar at Denver International Airport for Dallas-based Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) will be delayed three months due to the airline's decision to eliminate the chemical polyfluoroalkyl substances, best known as PFAS, from the hangar's design. The hangar will be the first commercial aircraft hangar in Colorado to operate without PFAS. The Federal Centers for Disease Control called studying the impact of PFAS on humans an "important public health concern" on its website. "We applaud Southwest for getting ahead of this and volunteering to do this on their own," DIA CEO Kim Day said at a Denver City Council's Business, Arts, Workforce & Aviation Services Committee meeting on Wednesday. "As far as we know, this could be the only hangar in the U.S. that is not using PFAS." Day added at the meeting that state officials are currently working on guidelines on how to regulate the use of PFAS, which she said could negatively impact human health, at airports throughout the state. Southwest's seventh 130,000 square-foot hangar will be able to house up to three 737 Boeing planes and will have space for eight additional planes outside once it is completed by the end of this year. "As we strive to be better stewards of the environment, we recently made a change with the construction of our new hangar project at DEN that would use a PFAS-free firefighting system," Dan Landson, spokesman for Southwest, told Denver Business Journal. "Recent legislation in the State of Colorado encouraged the use of alternative PFAS. As a strong community partner, we feel it is best to move forward in our design to utilize these environmentally friendly standards for our new hangar, as well as future hangar projects." During the same meeting, the committee approved of a contract that will give Southwest 16 additional gates at DIA. That contract will then go before the full Denver City Council for approval. Day also commended Southwest, which is the second-largest airline passenger carrier serving DIA, for extending its contract with DIA through 2035. Most airline contracts with DIA are only five to 10 years long. "We committed to 15 years ... to demonstrate our commitment to the community," Steve Sisneros, Southwest's managing director of airport affairs, told DBJ before the meeting. He added that Southwest is also demonstrating its commitment to the community through its decision to eliminate PFAS from its $100 million hangar plans. "We thought it was the right thing to do even though it added three months to the project," Sisneros said. PFAS is a fire retardant that has been used for decades at airports throughout the country. "There is evidence that exposure to PFAS can lead to adverse human health effects," according to the U.S. Environment Protection Agency's website. These effects include cancer. Last September, the CDC and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry gave the Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus a $1 million grant to study PFAS exposures in El Paso County. https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2020/02/27/southwest-dia-hangar- delay.html?ana=yahoo&yptr=yahoo Curt Lewis