Flight Safety Information - September 16, 2022 No.179 In This Issue : Incident: Avianca A320 at Barranquilla on Sep 15th 2022, rejected takeoff due to bird strike : Incident: Algerie B738 and KLM Cityhopper E175 at Lyon on Sep 5th 2022, loss of separation on runway : Incident: LOT E195 at Warsaw on Sep 14th 2022, pressurization problems : Incident: Aeromexico E190 at Mexico City on Sep 14th 2022, rejected takeoff due to runway incursion by helicopter rehearsal : Swearingen SA227-AC Metro III - Forced Landing/Substantial Damage (Mexico) : India’s DGCA to tighten alcohol tests for pilots and cabin crew : FAA Nominee Denies Wrongdoing as Senators Weigh Allegations : An Expert Introduction to Airworthiness Directives : SEC Charges Gol Intelligent Airlines, Brazil’s Second Largest Airline, with FCPA Violations : Boeing Is Diverting Some Jet Orders From China as It Grapples With Global Tensions : Wizz Air purchases 75 additional A321 aircraft : ISASI - 2023: Save The Date : GRADUATE RESEARCH SURVEY Incident: Avianca A320 at Barranquilla on Sep 15th 2022, rejected takeoff due to bird strike An Avianca Airbus A320-200, registration N862AV performing flight AV-8525 from Barranquilla to Bogota (Colombia), was accelerating for takeoff from Barranquilla's runway 05 when the crew rejected takeoff due to a bird strike. The aircraft slowed safely, vacated the runway at the last exit at the runway end and returned to the apron. The aircraft is still on the ground in Barranquilla about 6 hours after the rejected takeoff. The airline reported due to the winter season there are unusual crossings of wild birds over the airport. As result one of the birds impacted their flight. There were no "consequences". A replacement Airbus A320-200 registration N538AV departed Barranquilla with a delay of 6 hours. https://www.avherald.com/h?article=4fe4cb8d&opt=0 Incident: Algerie B738 and KLM Cityhopper E175 at Lyon on Sep 5th 2022, loss of separation on runway An Air Algerie Boeing 737-800, registration 7T-VKR performing flight AH-1080 from Oran (Algeria) to Lyon (France), was on final approach to Lyon's runway 17L at 10:18L (08:18Z). A KLM Cityhopper ERJ-175, registration PH-EXH performing flight KL-1414 from Lyon (France) to Amsterdam (Netherlands), lined up runway 17L for departure and accelerated for takeoff at the same time. The French BEA reported the separation between the two aircraft on the runway was lost. The occurrence was rated an incident and is being investigated by the BEA. According to ADS-B Data AH-1080 touched down in the touch down zone of the runway when the departing KL-1414 just crossed the runway end, there were about 1900 meters/1.03nm between the aircraft at that point. https://www.avherald.com/h?article=4fe4c50d&opt=0 Incident: LOT E195 at Warsaw on Sep 14th 2022, pressurization problems A LOT Polish Airlines Embraer ERJ-195, registration SP-LNE performing flight LO-231 from Warsaw (Poland) to Brussels (Belgium), was climbing through FL270 out of Warsaw when the crew descended the aircraft rapidly to FL100 and returned to Warsaw reporting a pressurization problem. The aircraft landed safely back on runway 33 about 50 minutes after departure. A passenger reported the crew indicated there were pressurization problems, they were doing an emergency descent. After landing back they embarked a replacement aircraft. A replacement Embraer ERJ-195 registration SP-LNB reached Brussels with a delay of 2:45 hours. https://www.avherald.com/h?article=4fe4c18f&opt=0 Incident: Aeromexico E190 at Mexico City on Sep 14th 2022, rejected takeoff due to runway incursion by helicopter rehearsal An Aeromexico Embraer ERJ-190, registration XA-BAC performing flight AM-874 from Mexico City to Merida (Mexico), was accelerating for takeoff from Mexico City's runway 04C when the crew rejected takeoff at low speed (about 80 knots over ground). The aircraft slowed safely and vacated the runway. The crew told the passengers that they needed to reject due to the presence of helicopters near the end of the runway. They would perform another takeoff, but now needed to wait until the rehearsal of the helicopters was finished. The aircraft, which had taxied to the runway with a delay of about 30 minutes for the first attempt to depart, stopped at the hold short point runway 04C for about 30 minutes, then departed in the second attempt and reached Merida with a delay of about one hour. The airline confirmed the aircraft performed a rejected takeoff at low speed, an investigation of the facts is under way. The airport stated that surveillance cameras are being used to establish the facts. The helicopters were practising for the Parade due on Sep 16th 2022. https://www.avherald.com/h?article=4fe4bc78&opt=0 Swearingen SA227-AC Metro III - Forced Landing/Substantial Damage (Mexico) Date: Thursday 15 September 2022 Time: ca 16:35 Type: Swearingen SA227-AC Metro III Operator: Aeronaves TSM Registration: XA-UMW MSN: AC-717 First flight: 1988 Crew: Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 2 Passengers: Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 0 Total: Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 2 Aircraft damage: Substantial Location: near Ramos Arizpe ( Mexico) Phase: Unknown (UNK) Nature: Cargo Departure airport: Saltillo-Plan de Guadalupe International Airport (SLW/MMIO), Mexico Destination airport: Laredo International Airport, TX (LRD/KLRD), United States of America Flightnumber: VTM717 Narrative: A Swearingen SA227-AC Metro III cargo plane sustained substantial damage in a forced landing on rough terrain near Ramos Arizpe, Mexico. Preliminary reports suggest that one of the engines suffered serious vibration shortly after takeoff from Saltillo-Plan de Guadalupe International Airport (SLW). https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20220915-0 India’s DGCA to tighten alcohol tests for pilots and cabin crew India’s Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is reintroducing mandatory alcohol tests for both flight and cabin crew as part of pre-flight and post-flight procedures. The decision has been taken in light of the fall in COVID-19 cases and an increase in the demand for air travel. The aviation regulator, which announced the updated guidelines on September 14, 2022, ordering Indian-registered airlines to perform mandatory Breath Analyser Tests [alcohol test, ed.-] for pilots and cabin crew members on duty before and after each flight. Following the guidelines, the intake of alcohol is forbidden within the 12 hours prior to a flight, The Economic Times reported. An air traffic control officer (ATCO) has failed a drug test while being on duty at Delhi airport (DEL) in India. If a crew member fails the test for the first time, then they will be suspended from duty for three months. However, if an employee repeatedly fails then they will be banned from operations for three years. If an employee fails the Breath Analyser Test three times, then they will risk permanently losing their flying license. According to DGCA, a person performing a Breath Analyser Test should be recorded by CCTV. While the updated rule is set to come into force on October 15, 2022, it is not a new regulation for Indian air operators. The rule has been in operation for some time. However, during the peak of the global pandemic in 2020, the Delhi High Court limited testing to 50% of active crew members prior to and after flights. The measure was put in place to help control the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The new guidelines are not the only new measure enforced to ensure the sobriety of personnel while on duty after the DGCA implemented random mandatory drug testing for ATC controllers, flight crew, and cabin crew members on January 31, 2022. The goal is to conduct checks on at least 10% of the staff. The test covers the usage of multiple psychoactive substances, including amphetamine, barbiturates, benzodiazepine as well as cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and metabolites. https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/32171-india-to-tighten-alcohol-test-for-pilots-cabin-crew FAA Nominee Denies Wrongdoing as Senators Weigh Allegations • Phil Washington named in search warrant in Los Angeles President Joe Biden’s nominee to lead the Federal Aviation Administration defended himself after being named in a search warrant in Los Angeles, a development that could complicate his path to confirmation. “All the allegations are false,” Phil Washington told Bloomberg at an Air Line Pilots Association conference in Washington, D.C., on Thursday. Biden nominated Washington in July to lead the agency responsible for aviation safety and air traffic control. The Senate committee that oversees the FAA hasn’t scheduled Washington’s nomination hearing, but its top Republican member said the process will require “additional scrutiny.” The Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department served several search warrants this week in an “ongoing public corruption investigation.” Investigators are looking into how the LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which Washington led for six years, awarded the organization Peace Over Violence sole-source contracts for a sexual harassment hotline. LA County Supervisor Sheila Kuehl, a member of the LA Metro board of directors whose home was searched, said the warrant wasn’t motivated by an effort to look into the awarding of the contract, which she says never involved her. “The basis of this search was questionable and will be investigated,” she said on Twitter, adding that it was a “thuggish attempt to intimidate and silence not just me but many other public servants.” An unnamed witness alleged that Washington skipped the traditional hiring process for several MTA employees, according to the the search warrant. The warrant includes a search for correspondence of metro officials, including Washington. Nomination Vetting A White House official said Washington’s nomination will be evaluated as it moves through the Senate, and the administration will allow that process to play out. Washington said he wasn’t familiar with the search warrant. He said he supported the hotline, calling it “a really good effort to protect women and girls on the system.” He said he hadn’t been contacted by anyone in the Senate about the search warrant reports. Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation ranking member Roger Wicker (R-Miss.) said he was already skeptical about Washington’s “lack of experience in aviation” and now is “deeply troubled” by the search warrant. “The committee’s vetting process will require additional scrutiny and review into his leadership at LA Metro,” Wicker said in a statement. “I anticipate that this nominee’s credibility will also be a key focus.” Aviation Nominee Urged to ‘Shake That Agency’ Out of Gridlock Some Democrats defended Washington. Rep. Peter DeFazio (D-Ore.), chair of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, said Washington is a strong manager, which is what the agency needs, and that he had been adequately vetted. “The Denver airport fully investigated this and they found no basis,” DeFazio told reporters at the Air Line Pilots Association conference. Washington was accepting an award at the conference on behalf of the Denver International Airport, where he is CEO. “This is a political dispute between a supervisor who’s elected, and the county sheriff, who’s elected, and Phil is tangentially involved in this dispute,” DeFazio said. Sen. Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.), chair of the Commerce Committee, said in a statement that the confirmation process “includes a careful and thorough review of the individual’s qualifications.” “Mr. Washington’s nomination and all of his background is undergoing that process now,” she said. Sen. John Hickenlooper (D-Colo.) called Washington “one of the most straight-laced people I’ve ever met.” “I don’t think there’s any merit to the allegations,” said Hickenlooper, who serves on Commerce panel. “Therefore, they should not be any basis for a decision. And I’ll certainly lobby the best I can.” https://news.bloomberglaw.com/white-collar-and-criminal-law/bidens-faa-pick-denies-wrongdoing-as-senators-weigh-allegations An Expert Introduction to Airworthiness Directives FAA ADs are ‘legally enforceable rules’ that every pilot should pay attention to. There is no escaping the airworthiness directive. If you are associated with aircraft in any manner, it will affect you. Sam pulls the white plastic lid off his cup of coffee, and the aromatic vapors hit him with full force. As is customary, he will gripe about the quality of FBO breakroom coffee but drink it anyway. It continues to baffle him how some of the younger staff stops at that Java ‘n Juice boutique joint, plunk down seven bucks for a mocha-jingo-whatever, and then leave it half consumed all around the hangar. Not him, only strong black coffee in Styrofoam cups will do. As maintenance manager, he needs the caffeine to face the daily tasks before him. He hears the owner, Ms. Chambers, coming down the hall; her unmistakable heels clack on the ceramic tile floor. She finds him leaning against the breakroom doorframe and says, “I need to see you in my office, please.” Great, what now? Slowly making his way upstairs, he finds his boss pacing behind her large desk and pressing her fingers to her lips in deep thought. He sits and crosses his legs. “The FSDO called. They may want to stop by and talk to us,” she finally says. “There has been an incident.” A Beechcraft Baron had an engine shutdown in flight after coming out of a competing repair station across the field. The magnetos seized, and the engine lost the ignition spark. Thankfully, the pilot could feather the prop and get the aircraft to an airport, landing safely. After inspecting the logbooks, it appeared that the shop returning the airplane to service missed an airworthiness directive (AD). With concern on her face, the owner looks at her maintenance manager and says, “How can you be sure we catch all the ADs and that nothing slips through the cracks?” He can tell she’s serious. Sitting upright in the chair, Sam leans forward on his elbows and returns a confident look to his boss. “Because I make it mission critical that every applicable AD gets actioned,” he says. “Diane, I have staked my entire career on it.” The 30,000-Foot View Please permit me a bit of housekeeping before we get too deep into today’s lesson. This column introduces some of you to aircraft maintenance theories, practices, and techniques. It is a 30,000-foot view of a shop, hangar, and line operations. Others who have worked in the business for a long time may also benefit from these discussions by refreshing their skills, recalling similar experiences, or even learning a new trick or two. See “continuous improvement” in the policies and procedure handbook. Many of the topics may be familiar to you, and some you could be seeing for the first time. There is usually more to the story. With each article, I provide links to enable you to take a deeper dive into the content I present here. Please take the time to click them and glance over the material. It is an excellent backup to our discussion. Again, we are here to chat about aircraft maintenance. This space is a discussion, not a one-sided conversation. If you have questions or comments, please email me at editorial@flying.media. Thank you, now, let’s return to your regularly scheduled programming. Three Types of ADs The FAA issues ADs whenever there is an unsafe condition with an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance. The three types of ADs are: • Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), followed by a Final Rule • Final Rule; Request for Comments • Emergency ADs And yes, everything we discuss in “Maintaining Your Airplane” is grounded in the federal aviation regulations (FARs). I bet you are dying to know which one covers airworthiness directives. The section of the Code of Federal Regulations that encompasses the FARs in question is none other than Title 14 / Chapter I / Subchapter C / Part 39. Would you like to know what it says? A summary: “FAA’s airworthiness directives are legally enforceable rules.” ADs are constantly in the news. Earlier this year, FLYING’s technical editor Meg Godlewski penned a piece concerning vintage Piper models. Just last month, editor-in-chief Julie Boatman made everyone aware that the FAA has opened the comment period on a nose-gear AD for the Tecnam P2006T. There is no escaping the airworthiness directive. If you are associated with aircraft in any manner—new or old—it will affect you. An Art Form Diane had good reason to be concerned. Researching, pulling, and clearing ADs is somewhat of an art form. The FAA decommissioned the Regulatory and Guidance Library (RGL) on August 16, 2022. The information transitioned to the new web space Dynamic Regulatory System (DRS), which includes access to ADs. I will reserve judgment for now, but please try it out and let me know your thoughts. The FAA also allows you to sign up for a subscription to ADs and other airworthiness information. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) tracks and distributes ADs as well, such as the one covering certain Continental magnetos: AD 2022-16-03. The FAA is not the sole source when pulling ADs. A service like Tdata.com can help you stay abreast of them as well. President/CEO Jim Thomas states that his product references applicable service bulletins to streamline the action of clearing ADs. That certainly could have helped the maintenance provider across the field. Let’s check with Diane and Sam and see what they found out. Missing a Service Bulletin? So, what caused all the drama earlier? A neighboring maintenance provider serviced a Beechcraft Baron equipped with IO-550-C powerplants and a Continental ignition system. During the visit, they missed Continental Critical Service Bulletin CSB673C. Missing a service bulletin is not good, especially when that CSB becomes an AD. According to Continental Aerospace CSB673C, “The supplier of Continental Part No. 10-400561, Bearing, Roller, has identified one lot of the roller bearings was delivered to Continental with a light corrosion preventive lubricant rather than the specified translucent white grease. Affected magnetos assembled without the properly lubricated roller bearing have a potential to overheat, causing accelerated wear in the contact and cam follower.” That would not be fun if a magneto overheats in flight. The feds felt that the Continental Aero CSB addressing the magneto bearing situation was dire enough to issue an AD. On July 29, 2022, AD 2022-16-03, Project Identifier AD-2022-00614-E, went live on the Federal Register. The AD became effective on August 15, 2022. My Tdata subscription alerted me to this AD on July 28, 2022, the day before the notice went live. I hope you’ve enjoyed this introduction to ADs. Please join me in sending a big thank you to our fictional characters, Sam and Diane, for being good sports about the FSDO calling. A visit from the FAA is nothing to be scared of if you are all squared away. Keep abreast of airworthiness directives, and manage your business—or your airplane—accordingly. https://www.flyingmag.com/an-expert-introduction-to-airworthiness-directives/ SEC Charges Gol Intelligent Airlines, Brazil’s Second Largest Airline, with FCPA Violations The Securities and Exchange Commission today charged Brazil’s second largest domestic airline, GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes, for violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). The São Paulo-based company, also known as Gol Intelligent Airlines, agreed to pay $70 million to settle the SEC charges. According to the SEC’s order, Gol bribed prominent Brazilian government officials in exchange for certain favorable payroll tax and aviation fuel tax reductions. The scheme took place against a backdrop of insufficient internal accounting controls, and the bribes were characterized as legitimate business expenses in Gol’s recordkeeping. "This case highlights the need for internal accounting controls that are effective for transactions initiated at all levels of an organization," said Charles Cain, the SEC’s FCPA Unit Chief. "Here, Gol’s internal accounting controls were particularly ineffective for transactions initiated by those at its highest levels." Gol consented to a cease-and-desist order finding that it violated the anti-bribery, books and records, and internal accounting controls provisions of the FCPA. Gol also agreed to enter into a deferred prosecution agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice and to pay more than $87 million to settle criminal charges. Due to Gol’s demonstrated financial condition and inability to pay the fines in full, the SEC and the DOJ waived payment of all but $24.5 million and $17 million of Gol’s payment obligations, respectively. Gol will pay approximately $3.4 million in additional penalties or restitution to Brazilian authorities. In determining to accept the offer, the SEC considered Gol’s cooperation and remedial acts, which included disciplining the Gol director who orchestrated the scheme and enhancing internal accounting controls and anti-corruption policies and procedures. The SEC’s investigation was conducted by Ernesto Palacios, Shahriar Masud, and Thierry Olivier Desmet of the SEC’s FCPA Unit. The SEC acknowledges the assistance of the Department of Justice Criminal Division’s Fraud Section, the FBI, the Brazil Controladoria-General da Uniᾶo, the Advocacia-Geral da Uniᾶo, and the Ministério Publico Federal. https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2022-164 Boeing Is Diverting Some Jet Orders From China as It Grapples With Global Tensions • Planemaker ‘can’t wait forever’ to deliver 737 Max, CEO says • Company is on track for first positive cash flow since 2018 Boeing Co. is shopping some jets earmarked for China to other buyers as the planemaker grapples with trade tensions that have stalled 737 Max deliveries to its largest overseas market. The shift affects a “small number” of jets, Chief Executive Officer Dave Calhoun told reporters at an industry event Thursday in Washington. Executives said they didn’t undertake the decision lightly, especially given the importance of the Chinese market and Boeing’s half-century-long relationship with airlines there. But he signaled Boeing is anxious to unlock the cash tied up in jets that have been sitting on its property for years. “You’ve got to move them,” Calhoun said. “You can’t wait forever and there’s a big market.” The move highlights the aircraft manufacturer’s dilemma amid an extended US-China trade stalemate, particularly at a time when it faces surging demand for its top-selling jetliner program and needs cash flow. It risks irking an important customer and losing out longer-term in the Chinese market to arch-rival Airbus SE, said George Ferguson, analyst with Bloomberg Intelligence. “It won’t be a duopoly if the Chinese decide they’re just going to go Airbus,” he said in an interview prior to Calhoun’s comments. Boeing’s CEO did not specify which airline’s jet orders would be impacted. Calhoun earlier this year indicated Boeing sought to limit fallout from exposure to China, which hasn’t taken any 737 Max deliveries since early 2019. The planemaker had already begun to find other takers for Max production slots reserved for Chinese buyers this year and it’s faced some cancellations as airlines in that market grapple with Covid lockdowns. Okay Airways Co. scrapped orders for two Max in August. Balance Sheet Concerns Clearing hundreds of already-built 737 and 787 Dreamliners from company storage lots is critical to refurbishing Boeing’s debt-laden balance sheet. The planemaker has about $5 billion in cash tied up in the 140 or so Max destined for China, Ferguson said. Supplier delays and labor shortages are also hampering output of the 737 Max, which is working its way back from a prolonged grounding following a pair of deadly crashes at the same time that Airbus is fortifying its lead in the narrowbody market. In a separate presentation Thursday, Chief Financial Officer Brian West said Boeing’s full-year delivery target for the 737 Max was at risk, citing tepid shipments in July and August. The company didn’t formally change the forecast, which it had previously reduced in July to the “low 400s” for the year. Ramping up output of Boeing’s cash-cow 737 jetliner family is critical to the executives’ efforts to turn around the planemaker and pay down its $57 billion in debt after years of turmoil. Boeing has sufficient liquidity and remains on track to deliver positive free cash flow this year, West said. The planemaker last accomplished that feat in 2018. Boeing shares reversed earlier losses and traded up 0.3% as of 3:23 p.m. in New York. The stock had declined 26% this year through the close of Wednesday’s session. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-15/boeing-is-diverting-some-jet-orders-from-china-amid-tensions?leadSource=uverify%20wall Wizz Air purchases 75 additional A321 aircraft Wizz Air has exercised options to purchase 75 additional A321 neo aircraft. The options relate to a previous order for 75 A321 neos and 27 A321 XLRs, which was made in November 2021. Subject to approval by shareholders, the additional aircraft will be delivered between 2028 and 2029. The Hungarian airline currently operates a fleet of 165 A320 and A321 aircraft, having taken delivery of its first A320 neo in June 2020, and continues to target a fleet of 500 aircraft by 2030. By comparison Ryanair already has a fleet of over 500 aircraft, with around 140 further planes on order. Commenting on the news Jozsef Varadi, Wizz Air’s chief executive officer, said: “The combination of Wizz Air’s ultra-low cost operation and the market-leading Airbus A321 neo aircraft together create a strong platform for Wizz Air’s future growth in the coming decade as we further strengthen our position as one of the world’s most sustainable airlines. “We remain on track to become a 500 aircraft airline group by the end of the decade while delivering our commitment to reduce our already industry-leading CO2 emissions by 25 per cent by 2030.” https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2022/09/16/wizz-air-purchases-75-additional-a321-aircraft/ International Society of Air Safety Investigators https://www.isasi.org/ SAVE THE DATE: 2023 ISASI Annual Seminar Save the Date.pdf ISASI Annual Seminar 2023 Accidents: The Current Which Lies Beneath Nashville, TN August 21 – 25, 2023 Monday, August 21st – Tutorials Tuesday, August 22nd – General Session Wednesday, August 23rd – General Session Thursday, August 24th – General Session Friday, August 25th – Optional Tour Renaissance Nashville Hotel 611 Commerce Street Nashville, TN 37203 Hosted by the Southeast Regional Chapter (SERC) of the International Society of Safety Investigators (ISASI) Thank you, Your 2023 ISASI Annual Seminar Committee GRADUATE RESEARCH SURVEY Dear Pilots and Flight Attendants, Did you know that the difference between a 14-hour flight time and an 18-hour flight time is 28%, which means 28% more exposure by occupants to the cabin environment and other aircraft influences. Keeping this in mind, I am working on a new research study that aims to review current Health & Safety International and National Regulations and best practices for operating Ultra-Long-Range Routes (ULR). ULR operations refer to "An operation involving any sector between a specific city pair (A-B-A) in which the planned flight time exceeds 16 hours, taking into account mean wind conditions and seasonal changes. The scope of this study is to identify different health-related factors affecting Aircrew (Pilots & Flight Attendants) who operate these routes. Based on this review, a gap analysis will be conducted, and recommendations will be presented to mitigate health and safety-related impact factors on Aircrew. As a part of this study, a survey is designed for Aircrew (Pilots and Flight Attendants) who operate on ULR flights. This survey aims to learn about their experience and the different health and safety impact factors that Aircrew experience while operating these routes. Aircrew sought to participate in this study needs to meet the following criteria: - Employed (in the last 24 months) by an air carrier operating scheduled ULR flights (>16hrs); - Qualified as an aircrew member to operate ULR flights. During this study, you will be asked to complete a brief online survey about your opinions concerning health-related issues while operating ULR routes. You will answer several questions about different health-related factors and how it affects your lifestyle, including any prominent experiences you have encountered. The completion of the survey will take approximately 15-20 minutes. If you meet the criteria and are interested in helping, sign up for the study by clicking the link - https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/SV2D9KT You can also sign up by scanning the QR code below. Please let me know if you have any questions I can answer. Thank you for your participation Kind Regards, Aditya Rathi ISASI Robertson Fellow M.S. Safety Science '22 (Aviation Safety) Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott rathia@my.erau.edu | (928)-632-2707 Curt Lewis