Flight Safety Information - January 26, 2023 No. 019 In This Issue : Incident: PSA CRJ9 at Portland on Jan 23rd 2023, runway excursion : Incident: United B738 near Las Vegas on Jan 22nd 2023, protesting doors : Incident: Endeavor CRJ9 at New York on Jan 14th 2023, lost navigation : Boeing to be arraigned in court over two Max jet crashes : Black boxes from Nepal plane crash to be sent to Singapore : U.S. safety board chair rebukes Ethiopia over Boeing 737 MAX report : "They need the parts": Aircraft shortage fuels boom for repair shops : Singapore to host inaugural Asia Pacific Air Safety Summit : Dulles Airport traveler packed 2 pounds of pot in luggage, officials say : FAA lacks leadership amid key challenges : ISASI - Kapustin Memorial Scholarship : RESEARCH SURVEY Incident: PSA CRJ9 at Portland on Jan 23rd 2023, runway excursion A PSA Airlines Canadair CRJ-900 on behalf of American Airlines, registration N612NN performing flight AA-5280 from Philadelphia,PA to Portland,ME (USA) with 59 passengers and 4 crew, landed on Portland's runway 11 and slowed to taxi speed. Upon turned left to enter the last exit, taxiway A, the aircraft's nose gear skidded off the paved surface however. A replacement CRJ-700 registration N545PB performed the return flight with a delay of about 10 hours. The occurrence aircraft remained on the ground in Portland for about 38 hours before returning to service. https://www.avherald.com/h?article=504427cb&opt=0 Incident: United B738 near Las Vegas on Jan 22nd 2023, protesting doors A United Boeing 737-800, registration N27205 performing flight UA-1893 from Phoenix,AZ to San Francisco,CA (USA), was enroute at FL300 when the crew descended the aircraft to FL260 and later, about 70nm southeast of Las Vegas,NV (USA) decided to divert to Las Vegas reporting they were having some pressurization issue, there were loud squeals from their doors however no loss of cabin pressure. The aircraft continued for a safe landing on Las Vegas' runway 26L about 40 minutes after leaving FL300. A replacement Boeing 737-800 registration N39297 reached San Francisco with a delay of about 2 hours. The occurrence aircraft returned to service after about 48 hours on the ground. https://www.avherald.com/h?article=5043f831&opt=0 Incident: Endeavor CRJ9 at New York on Jan 14th 2023, lost navigation An Endeavor Canadair CRJ-900 on behalf of Delta Airlines, registration N931XJ performing flight DL-5459 from New York JFK,NY to Rochester,NY (USA) with 72 passengers and 4 crew, was climbing out of JFK's runway 31L when the crew upon contacting departure reported they had just lost their navigation and requested vectors. The crew levelled off at 10,000 feet and subsequently reported they couldn't get too far off the coast, maybe 15nm, they had no indications where they were and indicated they needed to return to JFK, they had no gyros and requested ATC to monitor for heading differences, subsequently reporting they were heading 220 degrees, ATC confirmed seeing them on that heading. While positioning for the approach for an ILS approach back to runway 31L it appeared the aircraft was not turning according to the vectors, ATC switched to non-gyro vectors telling them to turn right, and on the proper heading stop turning. While attempting to intercept the localizer the crew reported theyalso had no ILS indications and needed to be vectored to the runway. About 3nm before the runway the crew reported they had the field in sight, were cleared for a visual approach for runway 31L and continued for a safe landing on runway 31L about 35 minutes after departure. A replacement CRJ-900 registration N183GJ reached Rochester with a delay of about 4.5 hours delay. The occurrence aircraft remained on the ground for about 5 hours, then returned to service. https://www.avherald.com/h?article=5043f561&opt=0 Boeing to be arraigned in court over two Max jet crashes FORT WORTH, Texas (AP) — Boeing representatives and relatives of some of the passengers killed in two crashes of Boeing 737 Max jets will meet face-to-face in a Texas courtroom Thursday, where the aerospace giant will be arraigned on a criminal charge that it thought it had settled two years ago. In a brief filed Wednesday, lawyers for the families accused Boeing of committing “the deadliest corporate crime in U.S. history.” The family members were never consulted before Boeing cut a deal with the U.S. Justice Department to avoid prosecution on a felony charge of fraud. Up to a dozen or so people from several countries are expected to testify about how the loss of loved ones has affected them. https://apnews.com/article/politics-us-department-of-justice-texas-business-fraud-57db69f33fda9f62785e1fe5d3b2f538 Black boxes from Nepal plane crash to be sent to Singapore The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorders recovered from the Jan. 15 plane crash in Nepal are being sent to Singapore for analysis to identify the cause of the crash that killed all 72 people on board KATHMANDU, Nepal -- The black boxes recovered from the Jan. 15 plane crash in Nepal are being sent to Singapore for analysis to identify the cause of the crash that killed all 72 people on board, officials said Thursday. Both the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder would be examined by experts at Singapore's Transportation Safety Investigation Bureau. “The Nepal investigating team is leaving on Friday with the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder where the data will be downloaded and analyzed,” said Civil Aviation Authority spokesperson Rajendra Kumar K.C. It was initially suggested the black boxes be taken to France where the aircraft was manufactured, but Nepalese authorities now plan to send the recorders to Singapore. A committee formed by the government is still looking into the cause of the Yeti Airlines flight crash. Rescuers are combing the hillside for the remains of two people still missing since the crash Jan. 15 at the resort town of Pokhara, 200 kilometers (125 miles) west of the capital, Kathmandu. The twin-engine ATR 72-500 aircraft was approaching Pokhara International Airport in the Himalayan foothills when it plummeted into a gorge about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) from the runway at an elevation of about 820 meters (2,700 feet). While it’s still not clear what caused the crash, some aviation experts say video taken from the ground of the plane’s last moments indicated it went into a stall, although it’s unclear why. It was carrying 68 passengers, including 15 foreign nationals, as well as four crew members. The foreigners included five Indians, four Russians, two South Koreans, and one each from Ireland, Australia, Argentina and France. Nepal’s Civil Aviation Authority has also said the airport’s instrument landing system will not be working until Feb. 26 — eight weeks after the airport began operations on Jan. 1. Aviation safety experts have said the absence reflects the poor air safety record in Nepal, where mountainous terrain and the resulting variable weather conditions make flying difficult. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/black-box-nepal-plane-crash-singapore-96682657 U.S. safety board chair rebukes Ethiopia over Boeing 737 MAX report WASHINGTON, Jan 25 (Reuters) - The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has faulted Ethiopia's final report into the March 2019 Boeing 737 MAX fatal jetliner crash and said that country's investigators did not adequately address performance of the flight crew. NTSB chair Jennifer Homendy said in an interview on Tuesday that Ethiopia's Aircraft Investigation Bureau (EAIB) had made errors in its report. "We feel what they did not do is really delve into the flight crew performance issues and whether they were adequately prepared," Homendy said. "We felt like it was not as comprehensive and robust as it could have been." The MAX crashes in 2018 and 2019 in Indonesia and Ethiopia, which cost Boeing more than $20 billion, led to a 20-month grounding for the best-selling plane that was lifted by regulators after Boeing made software and pilot training changes. Boeing declined to comment Tuesday. The NTSB was not given a chance to review or comment on Ethiopia's final report before it was made public last month, a violation of rules overseen by the United Nations’ Montreal-based aviation agency, ICAO, Homendy said. "It's unprecedented -- under ICAO we get a right to review the report and to provide comment," Homendy said. The NTSB comments released in December were in response to an earlier draft the board reviewed. The NTSB said earlier Ethiopian inspectors investigating the cause of the March 2019 Ethiopian Airlines' crash that killed 157 people did not pay enough attention to crew training and emergency procedures in their report. The EAIB blamed the accident on "uncommanded" inputs from Boeing's Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System, known as MCAS. The bureau did not immediately respond to a request for comment. Its final report last month focused solely on MCAS as the "most probable cause" and listed several contributing factors stemming from the plane's design or manufacturer procedures. The inputs, which were caused by faulty data from an angle of attack (AOA) sensor, sent the plane's nose down repeatedly, leading to loss of control as the pilots tried to deal with several warnings in the cabin, the report said. The NTSB said the Ethiopian report's finding that aircraft electrical problems caused erroneous AOA output was "unsupported by evidence." The NTSB said it found the erroneous sensor output was likely caused by a bird strike soon after take-off from Addis Ababa. FRENCH CRITICISM The NTSB added that the Ethiopia report's finding that MCAS documentation for flight crews was "misleading since Boeing had provided the information to all 737 MAX operators four months before the Ethiopian Airlines crash." France's BEA air accident investigation agency, which read and analyzed the black boxes at the request of Ethiopia, has also taken issue with aspects of the Ethiopian report. It said earlier this month "the operational and crew performance aspects are insufficiently addressed". Ethiopian Airlines has consistently said its crew were not to blame and died trying to counter a flawed system. Boeing has apologized for MAX crashes and agreed to a settlement including a fine and compensation, while pledging internal safety reforms. Under international rules, the country where an air accident happens has sole control of the probe and official reports. It is not unusual for foreign agencies to append dissenting comments but it is rare for them to voice objections separately. The work of such civil safety agencies is not to decide liability, but instead to make recommendations that could prevent future accidents. The BEA said it agreed with Ethiopian findings on MCAS but that analyzing crew performance would prompt wider safety lessons. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-safety-board-chair-rebukes-ethiopia-over-boeing-737-max-report-2023-01-25/ ‘They need the parts’: Aircraft shortage fuels boom for repair shops Carriers forced to fly ageing jets boost aerospace suppliers such as AAR and Heico Aerospace suppliers that maintain planes and furnish spare parts are enjoying a boom thanks to a revival in air travel and slow deliveries of new aircraft. Strong demand for their services is evident in the Rockford, Illinois, hangars of AAR, one of the leading companies in the sector with a market value of $1.7bn. Technicians there are busy working on the planes of customers such as United Airlines and Southwest Airlines. “We’re basically full in our hangars,” chief executive John Holmes said. “When you have people, and you have airplanes, that’s a good combination,” he later added. Two main forces are bringing planes to AAR’s facilities, and Holmes said they are likely to persist for years. Passenger traffic recovered dramatically last year after collapsing in the first years of the coronavirus pandemic. While global air travel is still down about 20 per cent less from 2019, in the US it has largely returned to pre-pandemic levels. Nearly 76mn people flew in the US in October, just 3 per cent lower than the same month in 2019, according to the latest available government data. China’s reopening after strict Covid-19 lockdowns is expected to return many more flyers to the skies. At the same time, top manufacturers Boeing and Airbus have struggled to fulfil all of airlines’ new plane orders. The result is that carriers must stick with older jets for longer and pay more for replacement parts and service. Repair shops reported a 19 per cent increase in sales in the fourth quarter of 2022 compared with a year earlier, according to research from analyst Ken Herbert at RBC Capital Markets, while revenue for parts sellers grew by 15 per cent. “Airlines are scrambling to keep up, which means they have to spend more on the airplanes [in their fleets],” Herbert said. “That’s been a big tailwind.” United spent $2.2bn on parts and repairs in 2022, a 20 per cent rise compared with 2019 and a 64 per cent increase from 2021. The airline said it flew more, scheduled more engine overhauls and heavy maintenance and absorbed price increases. Delta Air Lines also reported a 13 per cent increase in parts and repair costs over 2019. Grounding jetliners early in the pandemic had another effect. Airlines, strapped for cash, deferred maintenance. They avoided expensive engine overhauls by swapping out their oldest engines for so-called “green-time” engines that have racked up fewer flying hours. With manufacturers’ supply of new planes bottlenecked and a dwindling pool of green-time engines, airlines “have to continue flying older, out-of-warranty aircraft that consume parts and need repairs”, said Melius Research analyst Robert Spingarn. “Commercial after-market companies [businesses that sell spare parts and accessories] are benefiting.” Among them is Heico, a Florida-based company with a market capitalisation of almost $20bn that produces replacement parts for aircraft. Its sales of $610mn and operating income of $147mn both hit records in the quarter ended October 31, topping levels from before the pandemic in 2019. Heico competes against businesses such as General Electric’s aerospace division, which makes spare parts for the jet engines it manufactures. GE reported on Tuesday that it sold $32mn worth of spare parts per day in the fourth quarter, a 34 per cent increase from the same period in 2021. Boeing on Wednesday reported that its services business, which includes selling spare parts, earned $634mn in the fourth quarter of 2022, a 58 per cent increase from a year earlier. Heico’s products are the same as the ones made by the original equipment manufacturers, but less expensive, akin to generic pharmaceuticals. Airlines have historically resisted alternative spare parts, but Heico co-president Victor Mendelson said their stance is changing as they confront the challenge of servicing planes with fewer parts available from original equipment manufacturers. “We already sell to just about every airline that could buy from us, but we have been selling more,” he said. “The resistance drops . . . because, one, they need the parts, and two, they like the value proposition.” Pandemic-hit Rolls-Royce hopes for clearer skies as new boss takes helm Holmes of AAR also reported increased demand for the used spare parts it sells to airlines and engine overhaul companies. But because fewer airlines are retiring older aircraft, the source of used parts, AAR has had to scour the market to find them. A total of 366 aircraft were retired in the 12 months to December, a 15 per cent decline from a year earlier. AAR, headquartered near Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport, reported sales of $470mn in the quarter ended November 30, down by 16 per cent from the same quarter of 2019. The company’s net income of $23mn was 58 per cent higher than the same period in 2019. While AAR’s sales volumes have not recaptured levels from prior to the pandemic, Holmes said, “we feel like we’re well on our way”. https://www.ft.com/content/ca25c9af-f8a1-4ee4-b2ef-fbeb54a84589 Singapore to host inaugural Asia Pacific Air Safety Summit LONDON – Some 300 government and industry leaders from countries across the Asia Pacific will gather in Singapore for an inaugural region-wide summit to discuss how to ensure aviation safety as the aviation sector recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic. The three-day summit is set to take place from 22 to 24 March 2023. The COVID-19 pandemic has added unprecedented challenges to aviation safety, including the availability and proficiency of skilled personnel, and the airworthiness of aircraft returning to service from storage. Further challenges have included familiarity with new procedures and safety regime, culture and leadership in companies under financial pressure to ramp up service. Disruptive shifts in the aviation sector and the emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and unmanned aircraft systems, while creating exciting new opportunities, also pose unique safety risks. The three-day summit The three-day Asia Pacific Summit for Aviation Safety (AP-SAS) will discuss these safety challenges, why and how safety incidents happen, and initiatives to strengthen aviation safety, including addressing human factors issues and leveraging operational data and technology. Keynote speakers include prominent international aviation experts such as Stephen P. Creamer, director of the Air Navigation Bureau at the International Civil Aviation Organization; Christopher Hart, former U.S. National Transportation Safety Board chairman; and Patrick Ky, executive director, European Union Aviation Safety Agency. The inaugural summit, organised by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) and Flight Safety Foundation (FSF), will be held in Singapore at the Sands Expo and Convention Centre, Marina Bay Sands, from 22 to 24 March 2023. Mr Han Kok Juan, director-general of CAAS, said: “Singapore is privileged and honoured to be able to develop, launch and co-organise this region-wide summit with the Flight Safety Foundation.” “While countries have their own national regimes, aviation is cross-border, and airlines operate across national boundaries; region-wide cooperation is necessary to assure aviation safety.” “The summit is timely, as regulators, airlines, aircraft manufacturers, air navigation service providers, aerodrome operators and other aviation organisations grapple with safety challenges and incidents with air traffic volume returning to pre-pandemic levels.” “Our working together will help more effectively assure the travelling public of aviation safety.” Dr. Hassan Shahidi, president and CEO of Flight Safety Foundation, said: “We are very pleased that Steve Creamer, Chris Hart and Patrick Ky will deliver the AP-SAS keynote addresses.” “Their breadth of experience and in-depth knowledge of aviation safety issues give them unique perspectives on the industry’s challenges moving forward.” For more information on the event programme and to register, visit https://flightsafety.org/ap-sas2023/ https://aviationsourcenews.com/general-aviation/singapore-to-host-inaugural-asia-pacific-air-safety-summit/ Dulles Airport traveler packed 2 pounds of pot in luggage, officials say Customs officers at Dulles International Airport seized more than two pounds of marijuana from the baggage of a traveler bound for Nigeria. It’s the second time in three months that U.S. Customs and Border Patrol officers have seized marijuana from a Nigeria-bound passenger. Last October, officers seized more 10 pounds at Dulles Airport, as well. Marijuana is illegal in Nigeria for both recreational and medical uses. CBP said that on Jan. 14, a man tried to board a flight to Lagos, and when officers inspected his baggage, they found a green substance in two vacuum-packed bags. The contents tested positive for THC. The marijuana had a street value of $1,800 in the U.S. and about $6,500 in Nigeria. CBP turned the traveler and marijuana over to the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Police, who charged him with narcotics possession. “It is remarkable that this is a second traveler destined to Nigeria who decided that smuggling marijuana was an acceptable risk considering the travel expense and limited profit potential versus the high probability of being caught by a Customs and Border Protection officer and potential incarceration,” said Kim Der-Yeghiayan, acting Area Port Director for CBP’s Area Port of Washington, D.C. An average 4,700 pounds of dangerous drugs are seized every day by CBP officers, a news release said. https://wtop.com/local/2023/01/customs-officers-at-dulles-seize-marijuana-found-in-baggage-of-nigeria-bound-traveler/ FAA lacks leadership amid key challenges The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) faces a number of challenges in the wake of the national flight grounding earlier this month while President Biden’s pick to lead the agency, who was nominated in July, has yet to even get a hearing. Sen. Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.), chairwoman of the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee, aims to hold the first FAA nomination hearing next month for Phil Washington, the CEO of Denver International Airport, according to her spokesperson. But Washington faces fierce opposition from Republicans, who criticize his experience and an ongoing corruption investigation implicating him. They could block his nomination if his military service requires him to get a waiver from Congress. The FAA has been without a permanent leader since March, when Trump-appointed Administrator Steve Dickson stepped down. Since then, the agency — and the aviation industry — have struggled. Questions about infrastructure, funding The FAA faces questions from lawmakers and industry leaders about its archaic infrastructure, which was on full display when a Jan. 11 technical outage forced it to ground all U.S. flights for the first time in more than two decades. At the same time, airlines have warned that the FAA doesn’t have enough staff to accommodate busy travel seasons, and the agency also has to handle the influx of drones and other vehicles that are clogging up U.S. airspace. It is also tasked with regulating carriers that have struggled with delays and cancellations, particularly Southwest Airlines, which suffered the worst meltdown in recent memory over the winter holidays. And all that comes while the FAA lacks a Senate-confirmed voice as Congress works to reauthorize its funding for the year, a key step in addressing its problems. “The Senate should move quickly to confirm him to ensure our industry has the leadership and guidance this moment demands,” Kevin Burke, the president and CEO of Airports Council International-North America, said of Washington. Biden nominated Washington to lead the agency amid the resurgence in commercial flying following the coronavirus pandemic, with demand leading to a busy 2022 summer travel season followed by a chaotic one around Thanksgiving and Christmas. Washington, a 20-year transit industry veteran, would run the agency that is in charge of keeping air travel safe by imposing rules such as increasing the amount of rest time airlines must give flight attendants between shifts and dealing with unruly passengers during the pandemic-era mask mandates for air travel. Brian Keeter, a former Department of Transportation official under President George W. Bush, stressed the importance of having an official administrator in place, calling the role one of the preeminent safety positions in the federal government. “Having a confirmed administrator is critical for the U.S. to maintain aviation sector leadership in safety as well as in the development of international standards. It’s particularly critical during a time when supply chains and movement of people, freight and trade are converging at record pace,” Keeter said. Biden in March named Billy Nolen, the FAA’s associate administrator for aviation safety, as acting chief of the agency. But without a permanent FAA administrator in place, Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg has been the only face of the agency. The FAA systems outage this month was detrimental to the agency’s standing, with lawmakers from both sides of the aisle calling on Buttigieg to answer questions. The White House said this week that it is a priority to figure out what happened. “When it comes to the safety of American people, this is something that is a priority for us. We want to get to the bottom of what occurred … not too long ago. I don’t have any specifics on the action that Congress is going to take,” press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said. GOP opposition, military waiver threaten nomination Republican senators oppose Washington’s nomination and have urged the Biden administration to pick a new candidate, citing Washington’s lack of aviation experience outside of his stint as head of Denver International Airport, which he started in 2021. “We can’t leave the flying public’s well-being up to chance. We need a new nominee,” Sen. Roger Wicker (R-Miss.), the outgoing ranking member on the Commerce Committee, which oversees FAA nominations, said after the agency grounded flights this month. Republicans dug in after Washington was named in a September search warrant investigating allegations of favoritism in no-bid contracts he awarded as CEO of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Washington’s road to confirmation is further complicated by his lengthy military service. Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas), the new ranking member on the Commerce Committee, said that Washington is ineligible to serve as FAA administrator without a congressional waiver due to his retired military status. “The Senate has repeatedly required adoption of a waiver when an FAA administrator nominee was a retired member of the military. But with Phil Washington’s extreme lack of aviation experience and the scandals surrounding him, I am unsure how Democrats plan to obtain passage of such a waiver,” Cruz said in a statement. Federal law states that the FAA administrator must be a civilian, and Washington is a retired 24-year Army veteran. Retired military officials have historically had to secure a waiver or give up their retired military status — thus sacrificing government benefits and their affiliation with the U.S. military — to qualify for the FAA post. In 1992, Congress approved a waiver for President Clinton’s FAA nominee, a retired Air Force general. Lawmakers didn’t require a waiver for Dickson, a former Air Force officer, as he didn’t serve the minimum 20 years needed to receive retired status. Nominees typically only need to secure a simple majority in the Senate to be confirmed. But a waiver, if required, would need to garner 60 votes and pass the GOP-led House, all but dooming Washington’s nomination unless conditions change. White House sticking with Washington But Biden is sticking with his nominee, despite the hold up in getting his confirmation through. The White House has stressed that the FAA has a crucial safety mandate and that Washington is the right person for the job. “On the very first day of this Congress, the president re-nominated an experienced, qualified candidate who currently runs one of the busiest airports in the world to lead the agency,” a White House spokesperson told The Hill. When Washington was tapped for the role in July, he got support from some within the air travel industry, including the Air Line Pilots Association, International, which congratulated him for the nomination. Senate Majority Leader Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) has said the FAA administrator nomination is going to be a priority in the coming weeks. And Jean-Pierre earlier this month said the White House is working with Schumer and Cantwell to get Washington’s nomination through swiftly because, “clearly, that is important to us.” https://thehill.com/policy/transportation/3830435-faa-lacks-leadership-amid-key-challenges/ ISASI - Kapustin Memorial Scholarship The Kapustin Memorial Scholarship for 2023 is now open! Royal Aeronautical Society: Human Factors Group: Engineer conference 2023 Better by Design: Designing Out Maintenance Error 9 February 2023 at 4 Hamilton Place, London, W1J 7BQ and online 0900 - 1730 GMT Are you or your Company, or Organisation involved in designing aircraft and their systems, or in maintaining aircraft that you think could be designed in a way that would make maintenance more efficient and less prone to mistakes? Do you educate or train people who go on to design aircraft or their systems? Have you an involvement in setting standards or regulating design organisations? When things do go wrong, are you involved in trying to understand why? Then this is the conference for you. RAeS Human Factors Specialist Group Conference: Better by Design - Designing Out Maintenance Error (aerosociety.com) RESEARCH SURVEY Greetings, My name is Nurettin Dinler, Research Scholar and PhD student at Department of Aviation Science, Saint Louis University working with Nithil Bollock Kumar, PhD Candidate, Gajapriya Tamilselvan, PhD, and Stephen Belt, PhD. We are working on a research project titled “Low-Cost Airline Pilots on Exercising Fuel-Loading Policies during Flight: A Phenomenological Exploration Study.” I am writing this e-mail to invite you to participate in a research study that we are conducting at Saint Louis University. Your participation in this study will involve taking a semi-structured interview that lasts for about 30 minutes. During the interview, you will be questioned about your experiences with Low-Cost Airlines’ fuel-loading policies developed to minimize pilot discretionary (extra) fuel. There is no compensation provided for your participation in the study. However, your participation will be a valuable addition to our research and your findings could lead to greater understanding of risk management for pilots and the sources of stressors in commercial aviation. Participation is completely voluntary, and your participation will remain confidential throughout the process of research. If you are interested in participating in this research, please take a moment to complete the survey at the following link: https://slu.az1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0l9Awl5UkXDiKRo If you have any questions, please contact me at 321-245-8628 or nurettin.dinler@slu.edu Thank you for your time and consideration. Regards, Nurettin Dinler, M.S. Research Scholar Oliver L. Parks Department of Aviation Science School of Science and Engineering McDonnell Douglas Hall, Lab 1046 3450 Lindell Blvd., St Louis, MO 63103 nurettin.dinler@slu.edu (321) 245-8628 Curt Lewis